The anamnesis (medical history) represents an important component in the diagnosis of dysosmia (olfactory disorders). Medical history represents an important component in the diagnosis of dysosmia. Family history What is the general health of your family members? Are there any diseases in your family (e.g., Parkinson’s disease; Alzheimer’s disease) that are common? Are there any … Olfactory Disorders (Dysosmia): Medical History
Congenital malformations, deformities, and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99). CHARGE syndrome (“coloboma, heart defect, atresia choanae, retarded growth and development, genital abnormality, ear abnormality”) – genetic disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance; characteristics include coloboma (cleft formation), vitium (heart defect), choanal atresia (occlusion of the posterior nasal opening), growth and developmental retardation, genital abnormalities, ear malformations Neuroectodermal syndrome … Olfactory Disorders (Dysosmia): Or something else? Differential Diagnosis
The following are the most important diseases or complications that may be contributed to by dysosmia (olfactory disorders): Psyche – Nervous System (F00-F99; G00-G99). Depression (reactive to the olfactory disorder). Symptoms and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings not elsewhere classified (R00-R99) Weight loss (in the absence of indulgence). Weight gain (e.g., in the case of … Olfactory Disorders (Dysosmia): Complications
Classification of olfactory disorders Olfactory disorder (dysosmia) Definition Quantitative Hyperosmia pathologically increased ability to smell Normoosmia normal olfaction Hyposmia Decreased ability to smell Anosmia Complete anosmia: complete loss of the ability to smell. Partial anosmia: significantly reduced sensitivity to a particular odorant / group of odors compared to the normal population (usually without pathological significance). … Olfactory Disorders (Dysosmia): Classification
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height; furthermore: Inspection (viewing). Skin and mucous membranes Auscultation of the lungs ENT medical examination – including nasal endoscopy (nasal endoscopy; nasal cavity mirroring) or endoscopy (mirroring) of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx … Olfactory Disorders (Dysosmia): Examination
Therapy for dysosmia (olfactory disorder) depends on the cause. General measures Nicotine restriction (refraining from tobacco use). Avoidance of drugs: Amphetamines Cocaine Consistent olfactory training with fragrances (eucalyptus, clove, rose, and lemon) for postviral (after an infection), posttraumatic (after an injury), or idiopathic olfactory disorders (with an unclear cause) (twice daily for 1 year) Acupuncture … Olfactory Disorders (Dysosmia): Therapy
2nd order laboratory parameters – depending on the results of the history, physical examination, etc. – for differential diagnostic clarification Small blood count Differential blood count Inflammatory parameter – CRP (C-reactive protein) Fasting blood glucose (fasting glucose). Toxicological tests
Therapeutic target Improvement of symptomatology Therapy recommendations The following agents are indicated for sinunasal-related (sinus-related) olfactory disorders: Mucosal care with nasal oil, ointment, saline spray. Topical (“topical”) glucocorticoid nasal spray (into the olfactory cleft), unspecified See also under “Other therapy.” The following agents are indicated for postviral (after a viral infection), posttraumatic (after injury), and … Olfactory Disorders (Dysosmia): Drug Therapy
Optional medical device diagnostics – depending on the results of the history, physical examination, and laboratory diagnostics – for differential diagnostic clarification. Psychophysical olfactometry (measurement of olfaction) by means of so-called “Sniffin’ Sticks”. Nasal endoscopy (nasal endoscopy; nasal cavity mirroring) or endoscopy (mirroring) of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx incl. inspection (viewing) of the olfactory … Olfactory Disorders (Dysosmia): Diagnostic Tests
1st order Septoplasty (surgical procedure to correct a deviated septum (curvature of the nasal septum)); indication: nasal airway obstruction (NAB) due to deviated septum; with conchal surgery, if necessary.
To prevent dysosmia (olfactory disorders), attention must be paid to reducing individual risk factors. Behavioral risk factors Consumption of stimulants Tobacco (smoking) Drug use Amphetamines Cocaine
The following forms of dysosmia (olfactory disorders) can be distinguished: Quantitative olfactory disorders: Anosmia – failure of the ability to smell. Hyposmia – reduction of the ability to smell. Hyperosmia – Increased ability to smell or hypersensitivity to olfactory stimuli. Qualitative olfactory disorders: Parosmia – altered olfactory perception. Olfactory agnosia (synonym: olfactory agnosia) – inability … Olfactory Disorders (Dysosmia): Symptoms, Complaints, Signs
