Magnesium Deficiency

Magnesium Deficiency (Hypomagnesemia): Test and Diagnosis

Laboratory parameters of the 1st order – obligatory laboratory tests. Electrolytes – calcium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, sodium, phosphate. Laboratory parameters 2nd order – depending on the results of the medical history, physical examination, etc. – for differential diagnostic clarification. Urine status (rapid test for: pH, leukocytes, nitrite, protein, glucose, ketone, urobilinogen, bilirubin, blood). Glucose (fasting … Magnesium Deficiency (Hypomagnesemia): Test and Diagnosis

Magnesium Deficiency (Hypomagnesemia): Drug Therapy

Therapeutic target Normomagnesemia (normal magnesium level). Therapy recommendations In mild forms of magnesium deficiency, a magnesium-rich diet (see “Further therapy” below) or the administration of magnesium supplements is sufficient Substitution therapy Oral magnesium application (dosage: 240-480 mg; 10-20 mmol/l; 2-3 months). Intravenous therapy (dosage: 25 mmol magnesium sulfate in 1,000 ml 5% glucose infusion; 20-40 … Magnesium Deficiency (Hypomagnesemia): Drug Therapy

Magnesium Deficiency (Hypomagnesemia): Medical History

Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of hypomagnesemia (magnesium deficiency). Family history Are there any conditions in your family that are common? Current medical history/systemic history (somatic and psychological complaints). Do you suffer from: Inner restlessness? Muscle cramps? Muscle twitching? Abnormal sensations? Cardiac arrhythmias Heartbeat too fast (> 100 … Magnesium Deficiency (Hypomagnesemia): Medical History

Magnesium Deficiency (Hypomagnesemia): Or something else? Differential Diagnosis

Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (E00-E90). Diabetes mellitus type 1/type 2 (glucosuria) [renal magnesium loss]. Hyperaldosteronism [renal magnesium loss] Hypercalcemia [renal magnesium loss due to inhibition of tubular magnesium reabsorption] Hyperthyroidism (e.g., Graves’ disease) [renal magnesium loss] Hypoparathyroidism (parathyroid hypofunction) [renal magnesium depletion] Malnutrition Metabolic acidosis (metabolic acidosis) [renal magnesium loss]. Infectious and parasitic diseases … Magnesium Deficiency (Hypomagnesemia): Or something else? Differential Diagnosis

Magnesium Deficiency (Hypomagnesemia): Complications

The following are the major diseases or complications that may be contributed to by hypomagnesemia (magnesium deficiency): Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (E00-E90). Diabetes mellitus (increase in insulin resistance) – magnesium supplementation may decrease insulin resistance in diabetics. Hypokalemia (potassium deficiency). Metabolic alkalosis Circulatory system (I00-I99) Heart failure (cardiac insufficiency) Cardiac arrhythmias Digitalis-induced cardiac arrhythmias … Magnesium Deficiency (Hypomagnesemia): Complications

Magnesium Deficiency (Hypomagnesemia): Examination

A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height; further: Inspection (viewing). Skin, mucous membranes and sclerae (white part of the eye). Auscultation (listening) of the heart [tachycardia (heartbeat too fast: > 100 beats per minute)?; arrhythmia?] Palpation (palpation) of the … Magnesium Deficiency (Hypomagnesemia): Examination

Magnesium Deficiency (Hypomagnesemia): Symptoms, Complaints, Signs

The following symptoms and complaints may indicate hypomagnesemia (magnesium deficiency): Neuromuscular (nerve-muscle-related) symptoms. Hyperreflexia* (increased reflex readiness). Muscle fasciculations (muscle twitching) or muscle cramps/calf cramps. Tetany (neuromuscular hyperexcitability, which can lead mainly to painful muscle spasms) [esp. in the simultaneous occurrence of hypocalcemia (calcium deficiency) and / or hypokalemia (potassium deficiency)]. Cardiovascular (cardiovascular-related) symptoms: ECG … Magnesium Deficiency (Hypomagnesemia): Symptoms, Complaints, Signs

Magnesium Deficiency (Hypomagnesemia): Causes

Pathogenesis (development of disease) Approximately 99% of magnesium in the body is intracellular (“inside the cell”). Thus, measurement of magnesium in serum does not optimally represent magnesium balance. Magnesium distribution: 50-65% = freely ionizing form of magnesium. 20 % = Mg2+ bound to plasma protein 20-25 % = Mg2+ forms complexes with phosphate, oxalate and … Magnesium Deficiency (Hypomagnesemia): Causes

Magnesium Deficiency (Hypomagnesemia): Therapy

Therapy for hypercalcemia depends on the cause. Emergency department referral is required for: Hypercalcemic crisis (total serum calcium of >3.5 mmol/l). General measures Review of continuous medication due topossible effect on existing disease; e.g.: Cave: digitalis (→ calcium content increases intracellularly). Nutritional medicine Nutritional counseling based on nutritional analysis Nutritional recommendations according to a mixed … Magnesium Deficiency (Hypomagnesemia): Therapy