Interactions of vitamin D with other micronutrients (vital substances): Calcium Maintenance of serum calcium levels in the blood – within a narrow blood level – is vital for the nervous system, bone growth, and maintenance of bone density. Vitamin D is responsible for efficient use of calcium in this process. Parathyroid receptors measure serum calcium … Vitamin D: Interactions
In congenital disorders of vitamin D metabolism, developmental disorders of the bones already occur in utero and in the growing organism. Acquired disorders, on the other hand, lead to reduced mineralization in the already formed bone with a tendency to bending and spontaneous fractures. The classical picture of vitamin D deficiency is rickets in infants … Vitamin D: Symptoms of Deficiency
At-risk groups for vitamin D deficiency include individuals with Maldigestion and malabsorption, for example, due to chronic intestinal disease. Liver cirrhosis Renal failure Taking antiepileptic drugs as well as barbiturates. Insufficient UV-B exposure (winter months, people who are bedridden for long periods of time or spend little time outdoors or have a lack of sunlight … Vitamin D: Risk Groups
In 2012, the European food safety authority (EFSA) evaluated vitamin D for safety and set a so-called Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). This UL was confirmed by EFSA in 2018 in a summary table. The UL reflects the safe maximum amount of a micronutrient (vital substance) that does not cause any side effects when taken … Vitamin D: Safety Assessment
In the National Nutrition Survey II (NVS II, 2008), the dietary behavior of the population was investigated for Germany and it was shown how this affects the average daily nutrient intake with macro- and micronutrients (vital substances). The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) are used as the basis for … Vitamin D: Supply Situation
The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) presented below are aimed at healthy people of normal weight. They do not refer to the supply of sick and convalescent people. Individual requirements may therefore be higher than the intake recommendations of the DGE (e.g. due to diet, consumption of stimulants, long-term … Vitamin D: Intake
With the action of a steroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is involved in quite a few metabolic processes. Calcitriol is bound to an intracellular receptor protein at the target organ – intestine, bone, kidney, and parathyroid gland – and transported into the nucleus. Subsequently, the vitamin-receptor complex exerts an influence on DNA. It alters the transcription (first … Vitamin D: Functions