Vitamins A C D E K

Vitamin K: Symptoms of Deficiency

Vitamin K deficiency is mainly due to Chronic gastrointestinal diseases, for example, deficient absorption in Crohn’s disease, decreased utilization in liver cirrhosis and cholestasis, transport disturbances due to, for example, lymphatic drainage disorders or insufficient carrier protein (VLDL). Interactions with drugs especially is blocked by prolonged use of antibiotics (for example, ampicillin, cephalosporins or tetracyclines) … Vitamin K: Symptoms of Deficiency

Vitamin K: Risk Groups

Risk groups for vitamin K deficiency include individuals with: Inadequate intake, for example, in eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa or parenteral nutrition. Malabsorption due to gastrointestinal diseases. Decreased utilization in cirrhosis and cholestasis of the liver. Impaired transport in lymphatic drainage disorders. Blockade of the vitamin K cycle by drugs, such as antibiotics, salicylate … Vitamin K: Risk Groups

Vitamin K: Safety Assessment

The United Kingdom Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM) last assessed vitamins and minerals for safety in 2003 and set a so-called Safe Upper Level (SUL) or Guidance Level for each micronutrient, provided sufficient data were available. This SUL or Guidance Level reflects the safe maximum amount of a micronutrient that will not cause … Vitamin K: Safety Assessment

Vitamin K: Intake

The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) presented below are aimed at healthy people of normal weight. They do not refer to the supply of sick and convalescent people. Individual requirements may therefore be higher than the DGE recommendations (e.g. due to diet, consumption of stimulants, long-term medication, etc.). Furthermore, … Vitamin K: Intake

Vitamins List and Function

The body depends on the daily supply of vitamins with food. Vitamins and their precursors (pro-vitamins) are therefore essential food components.Unlike macronutrients (nutrients), vitamins do not serve as building materials or as energy suppliers, but essentially perform enzymatic (catalytic) and controlling tasks in numerous processes of the human body. Based on their solubility, vitamins are … Vitamins List and Function

Vitamin E: Safety Assessment

The European food safety authority (EFSA) last evaluated vitamins and minerals for safety in 2006 and set a so-called Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for each micronutrient, provided sufficient data were available. This UL reflects the maximum safe level of a micronutrient that will not cause adverse effects when taken daily from all sources for … Vitamin E: Safety Assessment

Vitamin E: Supply Situation

In the National Nutrition Survey II (NVS II, 2008), the dietary behavior of the population was investigated for Germany and it was shown how this affects the average daily nutrient intake with macro- and micronutrients (vital substances). The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) are used as the basis for … Vitamin E: Supply Situation

Vitamin E: Intake

The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) presented below are aimed at healthy people of normal weight. They do not refer to the supply of sick and convalescent people. Individual requirements may therefore be higher than the DGE recommendations (e.g. due to diet, consumption of stimulants, long-term medication, etc.). Furthermore, … Vitamin E: Intake

Vitamin K: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution

Vitamin K is called a coagulation vitamin because of its antihemorrhagic (hemostatic) effect, which was discovered in 1929 by physiologist and biochemist Carl Peter Henrik Dam on the basis of blood clotting studies. Vitamin K is not a uniform substance, but occurs in three structural variants. The following substances of the vitamin K group can … Vitamin K: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution

Vitamin K: Functions

Cofactor in carboxylation reactions Vitamin K plays an essential role as a cofactor in the conversion of coagulation proteins into their coagulant forms. In this process, vitamin K is involved in the carboxylation-reaction to introduce a carboxyl group into an organic compound-of specific glutamic acid residues of vitamin K-dependent proteins to form gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) … Vitamin K: Functions

Vitamin K: Interactions

Interactions of vitamin K with other micronutrients (vital substances): Vitamin A and vitamin E High doses of vitamin A and vitamin E affect vitamin K metabolism. In this regard, sufficient vitamin A interferes with vitamin K absorption, whereas a form of vitamin E (tocopherol quinones) inhibits the vitamin K-dependent carboylase enzyme.