Pathogenesis (development of disease) Increasingly, hepatitis B virus is transmitted sexually. Other modes of infection include parenteral transmission – via the bloodstream – and perinatal infection – during birth from infected mother to child. Hepatitis B is very contagious. Because the virus can be detected in virtually all body fluids, transmission of the pathogen without … Hepatitis B: Causes
Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of hepatitis B. Family history What is the general health of your family members? Social history What is your profession? In the last six months, have you traveled to countries with high hepatitis B prevalence (clustered) and had sexual contact with local people … Hepatitis B: Medical History
Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (E00-E90). Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Hemochromatosis (iron storage disease) – genetic disease with autosomal recessive inheritance with increased deposition of iron as a result of increased iron concentration in the blood with tissue damage. Wilson’s disease (copper storage disease) – autosomal recessive inherited disease in which copper metabolism in the liver … Hepatitis B: Or something else? Differential Diagnosis
The following are the most important diseases or complications that may be contributed to by hepatitis B: Liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts – Pancreas (pancreas) (K70-K77; K80-K87). Acute liver failure with hepatic encephalopathy (brain dysfunction resulting from inadequate detoxification function of the liver). Chronic active hepatitis B → 15-20% develop cirrhosis within 10 years. Hepatitis … Hepatitis B: Complications
Hepatitis B is an inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus. Who should be vaccinated and when? Health care workers who have contact with blood and other body fluids. Dialysis patients – individuals who receive blood washing due to kidney dysfunction. Residents and caregivers of facilities for the elderly or people with … Hepatitis B: Vaccination Protection
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body temperature, body weight, body height; further: Inspection (viewing). Skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae (white part of the eye) [jaundice (jaundice), exanthema (rash)] Abdomen (abdomen) Shape of the abdomen? Skin color? Skin texture? Efflorescences (skin … Hepatitis B: Examination
1st order laboratory parameters – obligatory laboratory tests. Serology – detection of hepatitis B-specific antigens* . Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) [becomes positive before the onset of clinical symptoms]. Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg). Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) IgM and IgG antibodies (anti-HBs, anti-HBc, anti-HBe). Anti-HBc ELISA (parameter for a fresh or chronic, possibly … Hepatitis B: Test and Diagnosis
Therapeutic targets In chronic hepatitis B, therapy should be directed toward normalization of transaminases (specific liver enzymes; GOT, GPT) and the lowest possible viral load (<300 copies of HBV DNA/ml). Partner management, i.e., infected partners, if any, must be located and treated (contacts must be traced depending on the estimated time of infection or up … Hepatitis B: Drug Therapy
The diagnosis of hepatitis B is made predominantly by history, physical examination, and laboratory diagnosis. Optional medical device diagnostics-depending on the results of the history, physical examination, laboratory diagnostics, and obligatory medical device diagnostics-are used for differential diagnosis. Abdominal ultrasonography (ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs) – at least every 6 months, regardless of further … Hepatitis B: Diagnostic Tests
An at-risk group indicates the possibility that the disease may be associated with the risk of vital nutrient deficiency. The complaint hepatitis B indicates a vital nutrient deficiency for: Vitamin B6 The above vital substance recommendations were created with the help of medical experts. All statements are supported by scientific studies with high levels of … Hepatitis B: Micronutrient Therapy
In acute complicated course, liver transplantation (LTx) may loom as the last resort as the only curative option.
Hepatitis B vaccination is the most important and effective preventive measure. Furthermore, to prevent hepatitis B, attention must be paid to reducing risk factors. Behavioral risk factors Consumption of stimulants Alcohol (woman: > 40 g/day; man: > 60 g/day). Drug use (intravenous, i.e., through the vein). Shared use of everyday objects such as nail scissors … Hepatitis B: Prevention
