Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.
Family history
- Does your family have a history of frequent cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and body weight problems?
Social history
- Is there any evidence of psychosocial stress or strain due to your family situation?
Current medical history/systemic history (somatic and psychological complaints).
- Have you ever noticed symptoms such as sudden chest tightness or chest pain?
- Do these chest pains radiate? If so, where do they radiate?*
- Do you suffer from shortness of breath during this process?*
- Are you afraid during this process?
- Do you have an irritating cough?
- Have you noticed water retention in your legs?
- Do you have any cardiac arrhythmias (heart palpitations; palpitations)?
- When do these symptoms occur? Under stress? Under rest?
Vegetative anamnesis incl. nutritional anamnesis.
- Are you overweight? Please tell us your body weight (in kg) and height (in cm).
- Do you have a balanced diet? What foods do you eat frequently?
- Do you eat a high-fat diet?
- Do you eat a lot of salty food?
- Do you get enough exercise every day?
- Do you smoke? If so, how many cigarettes, cigars or pipes per day?
- Do you drink alcohol? If yes, what drink(s) and how many glasses per day?
- Do you use drugs? If yes, what drugs and how often per day or per week?
Self history incl. medication history.
Medication history (Subsequent medications increase appetite or decrease energy expenditure – increased body weight is the result).
- Antipsychotics (neuroleptics).
- Amisulpride, aripiprazole, clozapine, haloperidol, melperone, olanzapine (strong), quetiapine, risperidone (moderate), ziprasidone (low), zuclopenthixol.
- Alimemazine, chlorpromazine (strong), perphenazine, promethazine (moderate), promazine (light), thioridazine, triflupromazine
- Neuroleptics (antipsychotics).
- Amisulpride, aripiprazole, clozapine, haloperidol, melperone, olanzapine (strong), quetiapine, risperidone (moderate), ziprasidone (low), zuclopenthixol.
- Alimemazine, chlorpromazine (strong), perphenazine, promethazine (moderate), promazine (mild), thioridazine,triflupromazine,
- Hormones
- Insulin (strong)
- Cortisol and its derivatives (strong)
- Androgens: testosterone and androstenedione (medium).
- Contraceptives: ethinyl estradiol (low).
- Estrogens, except ethinyl estradiol (very low).
- Progestins (very low)
- Phase prophylactics
- Lithium, valproate (strong), carbamzepine (moderate), gabapentin, lamotrigine, topiramate (low).
- Tri- and heterocyclic antidepressants.
- Amitriptyline, doxepin, maprotiline, mirtazapine, trimipramine (strong), clomipramine, imipramine, nortriptyline, opipramol, mianserin (moderate).
- Citalopram, fluoxetine, flavoxamine, moclobemide, sertraline, (low).
- Other pharmaceuticals with adipogenic effects
- Alpha-2 agonists (α2-adrenoceptor agonists) (very low) such as midodrine.
- Beta-blockers (low): nonselective beta-blockers (eg, carvedilol, propranolol, soltalol) [inhibition of insulin secretion; more potent than selective beta-blockers]; selective beta-blockers (eg, atenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol)
- Glinides (nateglinide, repaglinide).
- Glitazones (thiazolidinediones: pioglitazone, rosiglitazone).
- Sulfonylureas (medium) (glibenclamide, gliclazide, glimepiride, gliquidone, tolbutamide).
- Thiazolidinediones (low) such as rosiglitazone.