The following are the most important diseases or complications that may be contributed to by periodontitis: Respiratory system (J00-J99)
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – lung disease that mainly affects smokers.
Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90).
- Diabetes mellitus type 2
- Patients with a depth of periodontal pockets ≥ 6 mm had a 56% increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus 15 years later (rate ratio 1.56; 0.84-2.92)
- Likewise, periodontitis can significantly increase HbA1c levels!
- Periodontal treatment improves the HbA1c value by 0.6 percentage points (95% confidence interval 0.3 to 0.9)
Cardiovascular system (I00-I99).
- Atherosclerosis (arteriosclerosis, vascular calcification).
- Children who had caries and/or periodontal disease (disease of the periodontium) at approximately 8 years of age had higher carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMD) in younger adulthood
- With coronary artery disease (CAD) sequelae of myocardial infarction (heart attack) or apoplexy (stroke).
- Hypertension (high blood pressure)
- Moderate-to-severe periodontitis: 22% (odds ratio, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 1.35)
- Severe periodontitis: 49% (odds ratio 1.49; 1.09 to 2.05).
- Myocardial infarction (heart attack) – patients with a first myocardial infarction had periodontitis in 43 vs 33% (control group).
Mouth, esophagus (food pipe), stomach, and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93).
- Tooth loss
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48)
- Bladder, esophageal, and head and neck tumors (men who were nonsmokers with advanced periodontitis: 5-6-fold increased)
- Tobacco-associated carcinomas of the bladder, lung, oropharynx, esophagus, kidney, stomach, and liver (men who were nonsmokers: 1.33-fold increased; in addition, massive tooth loss due to periodontitis: 2.57-fold increased)
- Mammary carcinoma (breast cancer) – 14% increased risk; this is especially true for women with periodontitis who had quit smoking in the past 20 years (36% increased risk)
- Esophageal cancer (esophageal cancer; 3.28 times higher risk for postmenopausal women).
- Pancreatic carcinoma (pancreatic cancer).
Pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium (O00-O99).
- Abortion (miscarriage)
- Premature birth
- Underweight newborn
- Premature labor
Symptoms and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified (R00-R99).
- Halitosis (bad breath)
Further
- Systemic immune response (chronic inflammation or subclinical inflammation).
Prognostic factors
- Obesity – adipokines (cytokines) are released at an increased rate from the increased adipose tissue, which promote the inflammatory processes induced by bacteria in the periodontium
