Definition and properties Tablets are solid dosage forms containing one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (exception: placebos). They are intended to be taken by mouth. Tablets may be swallowed unchewed or chewed, dissolved in water or allowed to disintegrate before use, or retained in the oral cavity, depending on the galenic form. The Latin term … Tablets
Products Various drugs and dietary supplements are commercially available in the form of soft capsules. Active ingredients administered with this dosage form include, for example, pain relievers (e.g., diclofenac, ibuprofen, acetaminophen), retinoids such as isotretinoin, thyroid hormones, cytostatics, ginseng, vitamins, and fatty oils such as fish oil, krill oil, linseed oil, and wheat germ oil. … Soft Capsules
Structure and properties Many active pharmaceutical ingredients are present in the drug as organic salts. This means that the active ingredient is ionized and its charge is neutralized by a counterion (English ). For example, naproxen is present in the over-the-counter pain reliever as a sodium salt. In this form, it is referred to as … Active Ingredient Salts
Products Enzymes are commercially available as drugs in the form of tablets, lozenges, capsules, as well as injection and infusion preparations, among others. Many products are subject to prescription, but there are also some agents which are released for the OTC market. Structure and properties Therapeutic enzymes are usually proteins, i.e. polymers of amino acids, … Therapeutic Enzymes
Definition Molecules are defined chemical compounds in which at least two, but usually more, atoms are covalently bonded together. Typical atoms in molecules are nonmetals such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and halogens (fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (I), iodine (I)). Organic compounds contain carbon atoms. The … Molecules
What are prodrugs? Not all active pharmaceutical ingredients are directly active. Some must first be converted to the active substance by an enzymatic or non-enzymatic conversion step in the body. These are the so-called . The term was introduced by Adrien Albert in 1958. It is estimated that up to 10% of all active ingredients … Prodrugs
Products Placebo tablets are available, for example, in Germany (P-Tabletten Lichtenstein) or from Dynapharm. The term comes from Latin and literally means “I will please”. Structure and properties In pharmacotherapy, placebos are drugs that do not contain active pharmaceutical ingredients but only excipients such as lactose (milk sugar), starches, celluloses, or a physiological saline solution … Placebo
New drugs are protected Newly introduced drugs are usually protected by patent. Another company is not allowed to copy these drugs and distribute them themselves without the manufacturer’s consent. However, this protection expires after a few years. For example, the antidepressant escitalopram (Cipralex) was approved in many countries in 2001 and the patent protection was … Generic
Products Ointment bases are available, for example, in pharmacies and drugstores. Structure and properties Ointment bases are usually lipophilic substances or mixtures which are used as a basis for the production of ointments. Typical components are (selection): Hydrocarbons such as petrolatum, kerosenes. Macrogols (PEG) Waxes such as wool wax (lanolin) and beeswax. Fatty oils such … Ointment Base
