Products Erenumab was approved in many countries, in the EU, and in the United States in 2018 as a solution for injection in a prefilled pen and a prefilled syringe (Aimovig, Novartis / Amgen). Structure and properties Erenumab is a human IgG2 monoclonal antibody directed against the CGRP receptor. It has a molecular weight of … Erenumab
Most common mechanism of action Most drugs bind to a macromolecular target structure called a drug target. These are usually proteins such as receptors, transporters, channels, and enzymes, or nucleic acids. For example, opioids interact with endogenous opioid receptors to relieve pain. Targets can also be exogenous structures. Penicillins inhibit bacterial enzymes responsible for building … Mechanism of Action
Products Erenumab (Aimovig) was the first agent from the group of CGRP inhibitors to be approved in 2018. Fremanezumab (Ajovy) and galcanezumab (Emgality) followed. Structure and properties CGRP inhibitors are humanized or human monoclonal IgG antibodies directed against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Low-molecular-weight CGRP receptor antagonists (so-called Gepante) are in clinical development. Some agents have … CGRP Inhibitors
Products Conjugated estrogens have been approved in many countries since 2015 in fixed combination with bazedoxifene (Duavive). Other preparations, such as Premarin and Premella, are off-label in many countries. Other products are available in other countries, such as the United States. Structure and properties Unlike other drugs, conjugated estrogens do not contain a single defined … Conjugated Estrogens
Products Eptinezumab is in the development phase and is not yet commercially available. Structure and properties Eptinezumab is an IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against CGRP. Effects Eptinezumab reduces the number of migraine attacks. The effects are due to binding of the antibody to CGRP, the calcitonin gene-related peptide. CGRP is a neuropeptide that plays an … Eptinezumab
Products Phytoestrogens are commercially available as dietary supplements, for example, in the form of capsules and tablets. They are found in various plants for example in nuts, seeds, fruits and vegetables. A typical example is soy. Structure and properties Phytoestrogens are a structurally disparate group of phytonutrients that resemble estrogens (estradiol) but do not have … Phytoestrogens
Products Psychotropic drugs are commercially available, for example, in the form of tablets, melting tablets, dragées, capsules, drops, solutions and as injectables. The first psychotropic drugs were developed in the 1950s. Structure and properties Psychotropic drugs vary chemically, but groups with a common structure can be identified, for example, the benzodiazepines, the phenothiazines, and the … Psychotropic Drugs: Types, Effects, Indications, Dosage
Products Legally, a distinction can be made between legal intoxicants (e.g., alcohol, nicotine) and prohibited substances (e.g., many hallucinogens, some amphetamines, opioids). Some substances, such as the opioids or the benzodiazepines, are used as drugs and are legally available with a doctor’s prescription. However, their use as intoxicants is not intended and is therefore referred … Intoxicant
Products Parasympathomimetics are commercially available in the form of tablets, capsules, solutions, transdermal patches, injectable solutions, and eye drops, among others. Structure and properties Many parasympathomimetics are structurally related to the natural ligand acetylcholine. Effects Parasympathomimetics have cholinergic (parasympathomimetic) properties. They promote the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system, a portion of the autonomic nervous … Parasympathomimetics
Products Rimegepant was approved in the United States in 2020 in the form of meltable tablets that disintegrate in the oral cavity (Nurtec ODT). ODT stands for Orally Disintegrating Tablets. Structure and properties Rimegepant exists in the drug as rimegepant sulfate (hemisulfate and sesquihydrate), a white crystalline solid that is sparingly soluble in water. Effects … Rimegepant
Products Ubrogepant was approved in the United States in 2019 in tablet form (Ubrelvy). Structure and properties Ubrogepant (C29H26F3N5O3, Mr = 549.6 g/mol) exists as a white powder that is practically insoluble in water. Effects Ubrogepant has analgesic properties and is effective against other symptoms of migraine such as photophobia (sensitivity to light), phonophobia (sensitivity … Ubrogepant
Products Galcanezumab was approved in the United States and EU in 2018 and in many countries in 2019 as a solution for injection in a prefilled pen and a prefilled syringe (Emgality, Eli Lilly). Structure and properties Galcanezumab is a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody with a molecular mass of 147 kDa against CGRP. It is … Galcanezumab
