Introduction Monitoring refers to the monitoring of various circulatory parameters and physiological functions of a patient during an operation. Typically, the physician in charge is an anesthesiologist. Depending on the type of surgery, there are different forms of monitoring, which can be extended by certain elements as required. In the following, the basic monitoring, i.e. … Monitoring
Oxygen saturation (SpO2) To monitor the oxygen content of the blood, the patient is usually fitted with a special clamp (pulse oximeter) on one finger of one hand. This clamp emits red light of different wavelengths. Since the blood absorbs different wavelengths depending on oxygen saturation, the device can determine a saturation value from this. … Oxygen saturation (SpO2) | Monitoring
Temperature measurement The measurement of body temperature is also an important part of the monitoring.Typically, the measurement is made in the nasopharynx or in the esophagus. This is important because the body can cool down quickly during anesthesia, as anesthetics adjust the set point of the body temperature. This also explains the frequently observed cold … Temperature measurement | Monitoring
Extended monitoring The extension of the basic monitoring may be indicated for certain procedures and patients. This is especially true for patients with pre-existing cardiovascular diseases or patients requiring intensive care. The EEG records the brain waves. This provides information on the depth of anaesthesia and the blood flow in the brain. The EEG is … Extended monitoring | Monitoring
Introduction – What is parenteral nutrition? Parenteral nutrition is the administration of a nutritional solution by infusion. All the necessary nutrients are fed directly into the vein. This bypasses the digestive tract, i.e. the stomach and intestines. A further distinction is made between total parenteral nutrition (TPE), in which all nutrition is administered intravenously, and … Parenteral nutrition
What are the alternatives? Alternatives to parenteral nutrition are, if possible, enteral or oral nutrition. These two forms of nutrition are always preferable to parenteral nutrition. Enteral nutrition is nutrition via a stomach tube. It has the advantage that it is easier to administer. In addition, it stimulates intestinal activity and prevents a decrease in … What are the alternatives? | Parenteral nutrition
Costs of parenteral nutrition The cost of parenteral nutrition varies greatly depending on the manufacturer and composition of the nutritional solution. The daily costs for total parenteral nutrition can be between 100-500€. If parenteral nutrition is administered during an inpatient hospital stay, the costs are covered by the health insurance company. If the artificial feeding … Costs of parenteral nutrition | Parenteral nutrition
A central venous catheter is an external access to the venous system via a large vein. The plastic tubing used for this purpose is placed centrally in front of the right atrium of the heart. The advantage of this technique is that highly irritating as well as multiple drugs can be administered in parallel. What … Central Venous Catheter: Application & Health Benefits
Definition A central venous catheter, or ZVK for short, is a thin tube that is advanced through a large vein to just before the heart. The other end is free outside the body and usually consists of several accesses. These can be used to administer fluids (infusions) and medications on the one hand and to … Central venous catheter
Puncture locations There are basically different places on the body available for the installation of a central venous catheter and the physician can choose the most suitable one for each patient. The prerequisite for choosing a vein is that it is large enough and the distance to the heart is not too long. The most … Puncture locations | Central venous catheter
Complications The possible complication to be named with priority is an infection of the central venous catheter. Since the end of the catheter is located directly in front of the heart and thus centrally in the bloodstream, an infection quickly leads to germ transfer via the bloodstream. The consequence is usually a so-called sepsis (blood … Complications | Central venous catheter
Care A central venous catheter is a potential source of infection, so careful hygienic care is very important. The patient himself is not primarily responsible for this. He or she only has to make sure that the central venous catheter is not exposed to direct contamination. The actual care is carried out by the treating … Care | Central venous catheter
