Products Janus kinase inhibitors are commercially available in the form of tablets and capsules with different galenics. Structure and properties The structure of Janus kinase inhibitors is characterized by nitrogen heterocycles, which are often condensed. Effects The agents have selective immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties. The effects are based on inhibition of Janus kinases (JAK). … Janus Kinase Inhibitors
Products Epoetin alfa is commercially available as a solution for injection (Eprex, Binocrit, Abseamed). It has been approved in many countries since 1988. Structure and properties Epoetin alfa is a recombinant glycoprotein with a molecular mass of approximately 30 kDa produced by biotechnological methods. It is composed of 165 amino acids and has the same … Epoetin Alfa
Narcotics (e.g. opioids used in doping) are primarily understood to be the active substance group of morphine and its chemical relatives. These substances primarily have analgesic and euphoric effects. These two factors mean that pain arising in the musculoskeletal system can be better tolerated under maximum stress. However, the body’s own pain signals are important … Narcotic
Products Doping agents include approved drugs, legal and illegal intoxicants, experimental agents, and illegally manufactured and trafficked substances. Doping includes non-drug doping methods, such as blood doping, in addition to drugs. Effects Doping agents differ in their pharmacological activities. Stimulants, for example, stimulate and thus increase alertness and aggressiveness for competition. In contrast, beta-blockers provide … Doping in Competitive Sports
Products EPO or rEPO is the name given to recombinant erythropoietin. Various epoetins are commercially available in many countries. Recombinant erythropoietin has been approved as a drug since 1988. Structure and properties EPO is a recombinant glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 30 kDa produced by biotechnological methods. It is composed of 165 amino … EPO
In endurance sports, altitude training has unreflectively established itself as a sensible training method for improving performance. Endurance runners from the highlands of Kenya and Ethiopia are mainly responsible for combining altitude training with athletic performance. However, altitude training is initially differentiated into a competition preparation for competitions at higher altitudes or for competitions in … Altitude training
The haematocrit is a blood value that exclusively reflects the cellular components (more precisely the number of erythrocytes) of the blood. In general, blood consists of a liquid component, the blood plasma and many different cells. As mentioned above, these cells are summarized as hematocrit (abbreviation Hkt), whereby the value actually only refers to the … Hematocrit
Normal hematocrit value Normally, a hematocrit value should be between 37-45% for women and slightly higher for men, namely between 42-50%. It should be noted, however, that these normal values may also vary slightly. There are patients who are completely healthy although their hematocrit value does not quite correspond to the normal range. On the … Normal hematocrit value | Hematocrit
Low hematocrit A haematocrit that is too low is when the value is less than 37% in women and 42% in men. This may be due to the patient having drunk too much or having received a fluid replacement (e.g. a NaCl solution) for a long time. Since an increased blood volume is then produced … Low hematocrit | Hematocrit
Doping, anabolic steroids, growth hormones, steroids, steroid hormones, beta-2 agonists, diuretics Here you will find detailed information on Anabolic steroids Epo Beta – 2- agonists The beta- 2- agonists (e.g. clenbuterol) also belong today to the group of prohibited doping substances. In 1993, the IOC put this substance on the doping list. The beta- 2- … Active substances in doping
Erythropoietin (Epo) belongs to the group of glycoprotein hormones and is produced in the kidney. From there it is transported via the blood to the red bone marrow, where it triggers the formation of new erythrocytes. In medicine, Epo is used in renal insufficiency (reduced erythrocyte concentration in the blood). Epo can now be produced … Epo – Erythropoietin