Products Ethinyl estradiol is present in numerous hormonal contraceptives as an estrogenic component in fixed combination with a progestin. In addition to traditional birth control pills, modern dosage forms such as the contraceptive patch and the contraceptive ring are also on the market. Ethinyl estradiol, unlike the female sex hormone estradiol, has a higher oral … Ethinylestradiol
Products Two contraceptive patches are currently on the market in many countries. They are transdermal patches: Norelgestromin and ethinyl estradiol (Evra, approved since the year 2003). Gestodene and ethinylestradiol (Lisvy, approved since the year 2015). Unlike the Evra patch (20 cm2), the new Lisvy patch is smaller (11 cm2) and transparent instead of skin-colored. Thus, … Contraceptive Patch
Products The progestin etonogestrel and the estrogen ethinylestradiol are commercially available in the form of a vaginal contraceptive ring (NuvaRing). The drug has been approved in many countries since 2003. Generics have also been registered since 2017. Whether the contraceptive ring needs to be stored in the refrigerator depends on the product. Meanwhile, medicines are … Contraceptive Ring
Definition Hypogonadism refers to an underfunction of the gonads (testes, ovaries) with impaired formation or regression of sexual characteristics Symptoms Children: Failure to develop puberty Adolescents: Stagnation of pubertal development Gynecomastia (enlargement of the male mammary gland) and cryptorchidism (undescended testis) in male adolescents Primary amenorrhea (absence of menstrual periods) in girls. Low development of … Hypogonadism (Hypogonadism of the Gonads)
Background The human organism has several mechanisms to metabolize endogenous and foreign substances. One of these mechanisms is glucuronidation, which occurs primarily in the liver. In this process, enzymes from the superfamily of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) transfer a molecule of glucuronic acid from UDP-glucuronic acid to the substrate. Using acetaminophen as an example, alcohols, phenols, carboxylic … Meulengracht’s Disease
Products Norgestimate is commercially available in tablet form in combination with ethinyl estradiol (Cilest). It has been approved in many countries since 1986. Structure and properties Norgestimate (C23H31NO3, Mr = 369.5 g/mol) is a prodrug that is biotransformed in the body to the active metabolites norgestrel and norelgestromin (17-deacetyl norgestimate). Effects The combination (ATC G03AA11) … Norgestimat
Products Oral contraceptives are commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets and coated tablets. Numerous products with different active ingredients are available from different manufacturers. Structure and properties Oral contraceptives usually contain an estrogen (mainly ethinyl estradiol, sometimes estradiol) and a progestin. Preparations are also available that contain only a progestin (minipill, e.g., desogestrel, … Oral Contraceptives
Definition Increased body and facial hair in women corresponding to the male hair type due to androgen-induced conversion of vellus hair to terminal hair. Symptoms Excessive and altered hair growth (thick and pigmented) on the face, chest, abdomen, legs, buttocks, and back Acne Deeper voice Increased muscle mass Decrease in breast size Androgenetic alopecia Views … Hirsutism: Excessive Hair Growth
Products Levonorgestrel is commercially available as the so-called morning-after pill in tablet form (e.g., NorLevo, generics). It is available under a doctor’s care. Since 2002, it may also be sold in pharmacies for emergency contraception after structured professional counseling and dispensing documentation. Levonorgestrel is also contained in other hormonal contraceptives. These are tablets containing ethinyl … Levonorgestrel
Products Chlormadinone acetate is commercially available in tablet form in combination with ethinyl estradiol (Belara, Ladonna, Belarina, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 2001. Structure and properties Chlormadinone acetate (C23H29ClO4, Mr = 404.9 g/mol) Effects Chlormadinone acetate (ATC G03DB06) has antiandrogenic properties. Indications In combination with ethinyl estradiol: hormonal contraception.
