Poducts Mercaptopurine is commercially available in tablet and oral suspension form (Puri-Nethol, Xaluprine). The active ingredient has been approved in many countries since 1955. Structure and properties Mercaptopurine (C5H4N4S – H2O, Mr = 170.2 g/mol) exists as a yellow crystalline powder that is practically insoluble in water. It is an analog of the purine bases … Mercaptopurine
Determination is a step in cell differentiation, contributing to the specialization of tissues. The process establishes a developmental program for subsequent cells and deprives omnipotent cells of the ability to generate different cell types. The more specialized a tissue is, the smaller its regenerative capacity. What is determination? Determination is a step in differentiation and … Determination: Function, Tasks, Role & Diseases
Frequency The British physician and pathologist Thomas Hodgkin (*1798) examined different diseases of the lymphatic system, among other things the lymph gland cancer. Hodgkin’s disease (also: lymphogranulomatosis) was first described by him in 1832 and therefore named after him. The grouping of all other malignant lymphomas into the group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas also dates back … Frequency | Lymph gland cancer
Introduction Lymph gland cancer describes a degeneration of cells in lymph nodes and lymphatic tissues, such as the lymphatic tissue in the intestine, spleen or brain. There are two types of lymph gland cancer: Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, although the latter are much more common (about 85% of lymph gland cancers). They all manifest … Lymph gland cancer
Symptoms of lymph gland cancer Typical for lymph gland cancer are painlessly enlarged lymph nodes that cannot be linked to an infection. They can occur in different parts of the body and usually persist for a long period of time. They are often palpable on the neck, in the armpits or in the groin. Enlarged … Symptoms of lymph gland cancer | Lymph gland cancer
Causes Concrete causes for the development of lymph gland cancer are still unknown. However, it is assumed that several factors must coincide for malignant lymphoma to develop. In Hodgkin’s disease, abnormal B-cells are formed, whose task is normally the production of antibodies. These cells belong to the group of lymphocytes and play an important role … Causes | Lymph gland cancer
Therapy In Hodgkin’s lymphoma, the therapy approach is always a cure of the disease and an elimination of the tumor cells within three months. The therapy is always based on chemotherapy and radiation. In stages I and II, two cycles of chemotherapy with four substances (ABVD scheme) are performed simultaneously with local radiation of the … Therapy | Lymph gland cancer
Prognosis The prognosis for Hodgkin lymphoma is very good. After five years, 80 to 90% of all patients are still living without the disease having returned. In children, this rate is even higher with over 90% of disease-free surviving patients after five years. Two thirds of recurrences occur in the first year after completed therapy, … Prognosis | Lymph gland cancer
Stadiums The stages of lymph gland cancer are classified according to Ann-Arbor in 4 stages. If only lymph nodes are affected, stages I-III are given the designation N. If other regions outside the lymph nodes are affected, E (for Extranodal) is added to the stage. In addition, the presence of B symptoms can be indicated … Stadiums | Lymph gland cancer
Products Tioguanine is commercially available in tablet form (Lanvis). It has been approved in many countries since 1973. Structure and properties Tioguanine (C5H5N5S, Mr = 167.2 g/mol) is a 6-thiol analog of guanine. Effects Tioguanine (ATC L01BB03) has cytotoxic properties as a purine antimetabolite. Indications For the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Other indications include … Tioguanin
In gene therapy, genes are inserted into a human genome for the treatment of hereditary diseases. Gene therapy is generally used for distinct diseases, such as SCID or septic granulomatosis, that cannot be controlled by conventional therapeutic approaches. What is gene therapy? Gene therapy involves inserting genes into a human genome to treat inherited diseases. … Gene Therapy: Treatment, Effects & Risks
Leukemia, colloquially known as blood cancer, refers to various types of cancers caused by malignant changes in white blood cells (leukocytes) in the bone marrow or lymphatic system. As a result, blood formation is disturbed and an increasing number of non-functional leukocytes are formed, which displace the healthy blood cells. In Germany, more than 11,400 … Leukemia (Blood Cancer): Causes and Development
