Definition Noradrenaline is a messenger substance (transmitter) produced naturally in the body, which belongs to the subgroup of catocholamines. It is produced from the neurotransmitter dopamine with the participation of an enzyme (dopamine beta hydroxylase). For this reason, dopamine is also called a precursor of noradrenaline. The production takes place mainly in the adrenal medulla, … Noradrenaline
Noradrenaline receptors The specific receptors for norepinephrine and adrenaline are called adrenoceptors. The two messenger substances act at two different receptor subtypes. On the one hand, the alpha receptors are stimulated and on the other hand the beta receptors are activated. Alpha-1-receptors are mostly located on the walls of the blood vessels, which ensure the … Noradrenaline receptors | Noradrenaline
Introduction The catecholamines, or catecholamines, belong to the group of hormones with androgenic effects on the cardiovascular system. The catecholamines are so-called sympathomimetic drugs, either produced by the body or artificially synthesized substances, and act on the alpha and beta receptors. Among the catecholamines are Adrenalin Noradrenaline Dopamine Isoprenalin (drug substance) Dobutamine (drug substance) Dopeaxamine … Catecholamines
Introduction The thyroid gland produces two different hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The synthesis and release of these hormones is regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Their main purpose is to increase the energy metabolism. The thyroid gland produces the hormones T3 and T4 on the one hand and calcitonin on the other. … Thyroid hormones
Transport in blood Both thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are 99% bound to the thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) in the blood. This serves to transport the hormones and prevents an early effect of T3. Only about 0.03% T4 and 0.3% T3 are present in the blood unbound and therefore biologically active. The half-life of unbound T4 … Transport in blood | Thyroid hormones
Complaints under a thyroid hormone disorder According to the functions described above: An underfunctioning of the thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), as occurs for example in the case of iodine deficiency, leads accordingly to opposite symptoms: The causes of these diseases are very different and can be congenital, autoimmune (Graves’ disease) or caused by a tumor. The … Complaints under a thyroid hormone disorder | Thyroid hormones
Summary The thyroid gland produces two important thyroid hormones, the biologically largely ineffective thyroxine (T4) and the effective triiodothyronine (T3). They are synthesized in the thyroid cells with the help of iodine and are released from the thyroid follicles as required. The effective T3 is released directly from the thyroid gland in much lower concentrations, … Summary | Thyroid hormones
Formation of T3T4: These thyroid hormones are formed in the thyroid gland, or more precisely in its follicles (roundish structures of cells), from the amino acid thyrosine. There are two types of hormones known as thyroid hormones. T4 hormones occur in the blood about 40 times more than T3 hormones, but T3 acts faster and … T3 – T4 – Hormones
Formation of prolactin: The hormone prolactin of the pituitary gland is also called lactotropin and is a peptide hormone. Regulation Regulation of prolactin: The PRH (prolactin releasing hormone) and the TRH (thyrooliberin) of the hypothalamus stimulate the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland, which has a day-night rhythm. Oxytocin and several other substances … Prolactin
Production of adrenaline: These stress hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline are produced in the adrenal medulla and in nerve cells starting from the amino acid tyrosine. With the help of enzymes, this is first converted into L-DOPA (L-dihydroxy-phenylalanine). Then dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline are produced enzymatically with the help of vitamins (C, B6), copper, folic acid … Adrenalin
Lower adrenaline Since adrenaline is one of the most effective factors in stress reactions, excessive release can have considerable consequences. People who have permanently excessive adrenaline levels suffer all the effects of the hormone as a permanent condition. Anxiety, a constant feeling of stress, high blood pressure, increased glucose levels and long-term cardiovascular problems are … Lower adrenaline | Adrenalin
