Products Numerous nasal sprays containing vasoconstrictive agents are commercially available. Among the best known are xylometazoline (Otrivin, generic) and oxymetazoline (Nasivin). In addition to sprays, nasal drops and nasal gels are also available. Decongestants for the nose have been available since the early 20th century (Sneader, 2005). As early as the 1940s, rhinitis medicamentosa was … Decongestant Nasal Sprays
Symptoms Rhinitis medicamentosa manifests as a stuffy nose with swollen and histologically altered nasal mucosa. Causes It is the result of prolonged use of decongestant nasal medications (sprays, drops, oils, gels) containing active ingredients such as xylometazoline, oxymetazoline, naphazoline, or phenylephrine. Because the nasal mucosa no longer swells on its own and habituation occurs, the … Rhinitis Medicamentosa
Products Sympathomimetics are commercially available, for example, in the form of tablets, capsules, granules, injectable solutions, eye drops, and nasal sprays. Structure and properties Sympathomimetics are structurally derived from the natural neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine. Effects Sympathomimetics have sympathomimetic properties, meaning that they promote the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, a portion of the … Sympathomimetics
Products Tramazoline is commercially available in the form of nasal sprays, nasal drops, and as eye drops. The drugs are not registered in many countries. Structure and properties Tramazoline (C13H17N3, Mr = 215.3 g/mol) is an imidazoline derivative structurally related to naphazoline, oxymetazoline, and xylometazoline. Effects Tramazoline (ATC S01GA) is a vasoconstrictor and decongestant. The … Tramazoline
Effects Antihistamine eye drops have antihistamine and antiallergic properties. They are more or less selective antagonists of histamine at the H1 receptor, abolish histamine effects and thus relieve symptoms such as itching, redness, swelling, and tearing. Compared with oral antihistamines, the effect occurs after only a few minutes and lasts up to 12 hours. Many … Antihistamine Eye Drops
Products Methylene blue (ATC V03AB17, ATC V04CG05) is commercially available in the form of eye drops (collyre bleu + naphazoline). It has been approved in many countries since 1984. In 2020, a solution for injection was registered as an antidote (methylthioninium chloride Proveblue from Bichsel). Structure and properties Methylene blue or methylthioninium chloride (C16H18ClN3S – … Methylene Blue
Symptoms Symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis include itching, red eyes, eye watering, a thin discharge, and sneezing. The conjunctiva may be swollen, making it appear glassy. The itching and red eyes are particularly characteristic of the disease. Causes The inflammation is often caused by a pollen allergy (hay fever). In this case, it is also called … Allergic Conjunctivitis
Symptoms Pregnancy rhinitis refers to a stuffy nose and/or runny nose with swollen nasal mucous membranes during pregnancy. The symptoms usually disappear in the first few weeks after the baby is born. Causes The causes are nonallergic or and noninfectious. Therefore, hay fever or cold rhinitis during pregnancy is not pregnancy rhinitis. A hormonal cause … Pregnancy Rhinitis
Products Tetryzoline is commercially available in the form of eye drops (Visine Classic, combination products). It has been approved in many countries since 1959. The active ingredient is also known as tetrahydrozoline. Nasal sprays or [nasal drops containing tetryzoline are currently no longer available in many countries. Structure and properties Tetryzoline (C13H16N2, Mr = 200.3 … Tetryzoline: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Background The mucosa-lined Eustachian tube (eustachian tube, tuba auditiva) is the connection between the nasopharynx and the tympanic cavity of the middle ear. Its main function is to equalize pressure between the middle ear and the external ambient pressure. The tube is normally closed and opens when swallowing or yawning. Two other important functions are … Tubal Catarrh
Products Naphazoline is commercially available in the form of eye drops (Oculosan, Collyre bleu) in combination with other active ingredients. Decongestant nasal sprays containing naphazoline are currently no longer available in many countries. Nasal spray comp Spirig is out of trade. Structure and properties Naphazoline is often present in drugs as naphazoline nitrate (C14H15N3O3, Mr … Naphazoline
