Products Benzalkonium chloride is commercially available as an active pharmaceutical ingredient in the form of lozenges, as a gargling solution, as a gel and as a disinfectant, among others. As a preservative, it is commonly added in pharmaceuticals to eye drops, nasal sprays, nose drops and inhalation solutions for asthma and COPD treatment. It is … Benzalkonium Chloride
Products Suspensions are commercially available as cosmetics, medical devices, and drugs. Typical examples of medicines are eye drop suspensions, antibiotic suspensions, nasal sprays with glucocorticoids and other drugs for ingestion, antacids, the activated charcoal suspension, injection suspensions and shaking mixtures. Structure and properties Suspensions are liquid preparations for internal or external use. They are heterogeneous … Suspensions
Products Dexpanthenol is commercially available in the form of creams, ointments (wound healing ointments), gels, lotions, solutions, lip balms, eye drops, nasal sprays, nasal ointments and foams, among others (selection). These are approved drugs, cosmetics and medical devices. Creams and ointments typically contain 5% of the active ingredient. The best-known brand containing the ingredient is … Dexpanthenol
Products Anti-allergy medications are available in numerous dosage forms. These include tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, nasal sprays, eye drops, inhalation preparations, and injectables. Structure and properties Antiallergic drugs do not have a uniform chemical structure. However, several groups within the class can be identified (see below). Effects Antiallergic drugs have antiallergic, antiinflammatory, immunosuppressive, antihistamine, and … Antiallergics
Products Sympathomimetics are commercially available, for example, in the form of tablets, capsules, granules, injectable solutions, eye drops, and nasal sprays. Structure and properties Sympathomimetics are structurally derived from the natural neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine. Effects Sympathomimetics have sympathomimetic properties, meaning that they promote the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, a portion of the … Sympathomimetics
Tablet addiction is often not easy to recognize. That’s why it’s important for doctors, family members and friends to look closely. Below, you can learn what clues to tablet addiction may look like. Beware of self-medication! Even minor ailments should not be self-medicated in the long run: Nasal sprays are not addictive, but they alter … Tablet Addiction: Look Closely
Whether a drug helps or harms is primarily a question of dosage. What is helpful in the amount prescribed by the doctor can cause considerable harm in excess – and become addictive in the long term. According to the German Federal Ministry of Health, around 1.5 million Germans have already crossed the threshold into drug … Tablet Addiction: Swallowing Pills Instead of Solving Problems
The effect of the first liver passage For a perorally administered pharmaceutical agent to exert its effects at the site of action, it usually must enter the systemic circulation. To do so, it must pass through the intestinal wall, the liver, and part of the circulatory system. Despite complete absorption in the intestine, the bioavailability … First-Pass Metabolism
Introduction Biotransformation is an endogenous pharmacokinetic process that leads to a change in the chemical structure of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The organism’s general goal in doing so is to make the foreign substances more hydrophilic and to direct them to excretion via the urine or stool. Otherwise, they could be deposited in the body and … Metabolism (Biotransformation)
Products Preservatives can be found in liquid, semi-solid and solid pharmaceuticals. They are also used for food and cosmetics. Structure and properties Preservatives belong to various chemical groups. These include, for example: Acids and their salts Benzoic acid derivatives, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives. Quaternary ammonium compounds Alcohols Phenols Preservatives can be of natural and synthetic origin. … Preservative
Products Nasal sprays are very widely used and there are many different products on the market, which are approved drugs or medical devices (see below). Nasal sprays are also manufactured in pharmacies. Structure and properties Nasal sprays are solutions, emulsions, or suspensions intended for spraying into the nasal cavities. They may contain one or more … Nasal Sprays
Products Antiepileptic drugs are commercially available in the form of tablets, dispersible tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, syrups, as nasal sprays, enemas, and as injectables, among others. Structure and properties The antiepileptic drugs are structurally heterogeneous agents. Within the class, several groups can be identified (see below). Effects The agents have antiepileptic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant … Antiepileptic Drugs
