Products Remifentanil is commercially available as a powder for the preparation of a concentrate for solution for injection or infusion (Ultiva, generic). It has been approved in many countries since 1996. Structure and properties Remifentanil (C20H28N2O5, Mr = 376.4 g/mol) is present in drugs as remifentanil hydrochloride, a white powder. The drug is rapidly hydrolyzed … Remifentanil
Products Nicomorphine was commercially available in the form of tablets, suppositories, and as a solution for injection (Vilan). It had been approved in many countries since 1957. It was discontinued in 2015. Structure and properties Nicomorphine (C29H25N3O5, Mr = 495.5 g/mol), like heroin, is an ester as well as a nicotinic acid derivative of morphine … Nicomorphine
Products Fentanyl is commercially available in many countries in the form of lozenges, buccal tablets, sublingual tablets, as a fentanyl patch (e.g., Durogesic, generic), and as a solution for injection. It is a narcotic and is subject to enhanced prescription requirements. Structure and properties Fentanyl (C22H28N2O, Mr = 336.5 g/mol) exists as a white powder … Fentanyl: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Products Tapentadol is approved in film-coated tablet, sustained-release tablet, and solution forms (Palexia /-retard). It was released in many countries in late February 2011 and went on sale in the fall. Tapentadol, like tramadol (Tramal, generics), was developed at Grünenthal. The sustained-release tablets were approved in 2013 and the solution went on sale in many … Tapentadol
Products Tilidine is commercially available as an oral solution (Valoron). It has been approved in many countries since 1975. In Germany, tilidine fix is combined with the opioid antagonist naloxone to prevent abuse (Valoron N). Structure and properties Tilidine (C17H23NO2, Mr = 273.4 g/mol) is present in drugs as tilidine hydrochloride hemihydrate, a racemate and … Tilidine
Physiological background Itch results from activation of specialized afferent unmyelinated C fibers in the skin. These fibers are anatomically identical to those that conduct pain but differ in function and stimulus transmission to the brain. They contain a number of receptors such as histamine receptors, PAR-2, endothelin receptor, and TRPV1, and mediators such as histamine, … Itch
Products Morphine is available in many countries in various dosage forms, including tablets, capsules, oral suspension, syrup, morphine drops, suppositories, and injectables. It is also prepared in pharmacies as an extemporaneous formulation. Structure and properties Morphine (C17H19NO3, Mr = 285.3 g/mol) is present in drugs mainly as morphine hydrochloride and as morphine sulfate pentahydrate. These … Morphine: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Products and production Morphine drops are an aqueous dropping solution of morphine hydrochloride, usually in concentration 1% or 2%, maximum 4%. The concentration refers to the salt; the effective amount of morphine base is less. The drug is subject to strict control as an anesthetic and is available only on prescription. The morphine drops of … Morphine Drops
Symptoms Drug therapy with opioids for pain, cough, or diarrhea often results in constipation as an adverse effect. Triggers include, for example, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, tramadol, fentanyl, or buprenorphine. Constipation limits quality of life and can lead to accompanying symptoms and complications such as nausea, vomiting, bloating, abdominal cramps, hemorrhoids, and bowel obstruction. Laxative abuse … Opioids and Constipation
Products Opium tincture is manufactured in pharmacies or ordered from specialized suppliers in pharmacopoeia quality (e.g., Hänseler). As of 2019, it is also approved as a finished drug in many countries (Dropizol, oral drops). Opium and the opioids are subject to narcotics legislation. Opium has been used medicinally for thousands of years. Structure and properties … Opium Tincture
Background Opioids have been used as painkillers for thousands of years. Initially in the form of opium, the dried milky sap of the opium poppy L. (Papaveraceae). In the early 19th century, the pure opium alkaloid morphine was isolated for the first time and later administered with the newly invented hypodermic needle. In the 20th … Opioids: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Products Oxycodone is commercially available in the form of sustained-release tablets, capsules, melting tablets, as an injectable, and drops (including Oxycontin, Oxynorm, and generics). It has been used medicinally for decades. In the U.S., it is also used as a fix in combination with other analgesics such as acetaminophen (e.g., Percocet). Oxycodone is also available … Oxycodone: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
