Products Pegaptanib was commercially available as a solution for injection (Macugen). It was approved in many countries in 2006 and has since been discontinued. Structure and properties Pegaptanib is an aptamer and a pegylated and modified oligonucleotide. Effects Pegaptanib (ATC S01LA03) binds to extracellular vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inhibits its activity. VEGF plays … Pegaptanib
Definition A redox reaction (reduction-oxidation reaction) is a chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred and the oxidation state changes. An example is the oxidation of elemental magnesium with oxygen: 2 Mg (elemental magnesium) + O2 (oxygen) 2 MgO (magnesium oxide). In this process, magnesium is called a reducing agent. It gives off two electrons. … Redox Reactions
Definition The term “dislocation of the finger joint” or “dislocated finger joint” is the colloquial term for the dislocation of a finger joint. When a joint is dislocated, the bones spring out of the joint. Introduction A subform of dislocation is subluxation, in which the bones do not spring out of the joint completely, but … Dislocation of the finger joint
Symptoms After the injury, severe pain in the finger joint is the main symptom of dislocation of the finger joint. In addition, there is a visible malposition of the affected finger joint. In the case of a dislocation of the finger joint, the mobility of the joint is significantly restricted: The bones jumping out of … Symptoms | Dislocation of the finger joint
Therapy The very first measure after a dislocation of the finger joint should be to immobilize and cool the affected joint. The cooling has a pain-relieving effect and prevents excessive swelling. Patients should not attempt to reposition the joint, as the risk of injury is very high when such an attempt is made. The injured … Therapy | Dislocation of the finger joint
Products Umeclidinium bromide is commercially available as a powder for inhalation as a monopreparation (Incruse Ellipta) and as a fixed combination with vilanterol (Anoro Ellipta, LAMA–LABA combination). It was approved in many countries in 2014. In 2017, a combination of umeclidinium bromide, fluticasone furoate, and vilanterol was released in the EU (Trelegy Ellipta), and in … Umeclidinium Bromide
Definition A total hip replacement, also called TEP, is a common procedure nowadays, but not always without complications. Hip dislocation, which results in a dislocated joint, is a relatively common complication after total hip replacement. If all documented complications after the operation are added together, the frequency of hip luxation after TEP is given as … Hip luxation after a TEP
Causes There are various possible causes for hip luxation after a TEP, whereby the main cause can be a malfunction of the operated patient after the operation. However, problems with the actual prosthesis or the surgical site can also be the reason for a luxation. It is important to distinguish whether adequate trauma or normal, … Causes | Hip luxation after a TEP
Therapy Reduction is the most important measure in hip luxation after TEP to avoid permanent damage caused by vascular or nerve compression. Reduction is defined as the repositioning of the joint partners involved (in this case the femoral head and the bouncing cup) into the physiological position. In the case of dislocation in an artificial … Therapy | Hip luxation after a TEP
How can a hip luxation after a TEP be avoided? Even though hip luxation cannot always be avoided with a TEP, the patient should observe a few rules and take measures to reduce the risk. The most important thing is to perform movements in the operated hip in a controlled manner and at rest. A … How can a hip luxation after a TEP be avoided? | Hip luxation after a TEP
What is radiotherapy for colorectal cancer? Radiation therapy is the third pillar, alongside chemotherapy and the surgical removal of a cancer, and thus represents an important therapeutic measure in the treatment of a wide variety of cancers. Colorectal cancer, also called “colorectal carcinoma”, can be located in the large intestine, the so-called “colon” or the … Radiotherapy for colorectal cancer
What are the side effects of radiotherapy? The function of radiotherapy is to treat malignant tissues with so-called “ionizing” radiation so that the division of cancer cells is interrupted and the cells are thus destroyed.Since cancer cells are sometimes located between healthy tissues and the radiation is not limited to the tumor, reactions and side … What are the side effects of radiotherapy? | Radiotherapy for colorectal cancer
