Products Nitrofurantoin is commercially available in many countries in the form of 100 mg sustained-release capsules (Furadantin retard, Uvamin retard). It has been used medicinally since the early 1950s. Structure and properties Nitrofurantoin (C8H6N4O, Mr = 238.2 g/mol) exists as a yellow crystalline powder that is very sparingly soluble in water. It is a nitrated … Nitrofurantoin
What is a renal infarction? A renal infarction is the loss of renal tissue. A renal infarction occurs when a blood clot blocks a blood vessel in the kidney and as a result the kidney can no longer be supplied with sufficient oxygen. If the circulatory disorder is not corrected immediately, the kidney tissue perishes. … Renal infarction – dangerous or curable?
Diagnosis of a renal infarction The suspicion of a renal infarction is based on the symptoms. An admission to the clinic must be made in the shortest possible time to prevent consequences such as kidney failure. To make a diagnosis, a consultation is held followed by a physical examination. Tapping the kidneys as part of … Diagnosis of a renal infarction | Renal infarction – dangerous or curable?
Treatment of renal infarction A renal infarction should be treated as soon as possible to avoid consequences due to insufficient oxygen supply to the kidney. As an immediate measure, those affected with an acute renal infarction are administered heparin (5,000 to 10,000 IU, international units). This is an anticoagulant to prevent further blood clot formation … Treatment of renal infarction | Renal infarction – dangerous or curable?
The possible complications of a renal infarction The duration and extent of the renal infarction significantly determine the course of the disease. If the renal infarction affects a larger area of the kidney, acute renal failure may occur. Acute kidney failure is characterized by the kidney being unable to perform its tasks properly. Urinary substances … The possible complications of a renal infarction | Renal infarction – dangerous or curable?
Duration and prognosis of a renal infarction The course of the disease and the prognosis in the case of a renal infarction are determined by individual circumstances, such as previous illnesses and causes of the infarction, the affected kidney area and the duration of the reduced blood supply to the kidney. The kidney can recover … Duration and prognosis of a renal infarction | Renal infarction – dangerous or curable?
Products Alitretinoin is commercially available in capsule form (Toctino) and was approved in many countries in 2009. Structure and properties Alitretinoin (C20H28O2, Mr = 300.4 g/mol) is a retinoid like the acne drugs isotretinoin (13- retinoic acid) or tretinoin (all-retinoic acid). Effects Alitretinoin (ATC D11AX19) has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Unlike other retinoids, it acts … Alitretinoin
Introduction Chronic renal insufficiency is a serious disease that affects the organ system of the kidneys. The kidneys perform a number of important and essential tasks in the human body without which a person could not survive. In chronic renal failure, this important organ system is damaged. Renal insufficiency is defined as a kidney function … Chronic renal insufficiency
Stages of chronic renal insufficiency There are different stages of renal failure is classified differently. There are different ways of classifying chronic renal insufficiency. Chronic renal failure can be classified according to the so-called glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as well as according to the so-called retention values. The glomerular filtration rate is the value most … Stages of chronic renal insufficiency | Chronic renal insufficiency
Life expectancy Chronic renal insufficiency can be divided into different stages. In some cases, it is possible to stop the progression of the insufficiency by specific treatment and a change in diet. Untreated, however, the disease almost always has a progressive course which ends in stage 4, terminal renal failure. In terminal renal failure, dialysis … Life expectancy | Chronic renal insufficiency
Products Levocetirizine is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets and as drops (Xyzal, generic). It has been approved in many countries since 2001. Levocetirizine is the -enantiomer of cetirizine (Zyrtec, both UCB-Pharma SA). Levocetirizine tablets contain 5 mg of active ingredient; cetirizine tablets contain 10 mg (plus 5 mg of the -enantiomer). Unlike … Levocetirizine
Products Raloxifene is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Evista). It has been approved in many countries since 2000. Structure and properties Raloxifene (C28H27NO4S, Mr = 473.6 g/mol) is present in the drug as raloxifene hydrochloride, a benzothiophene and white to yellowish powder that is sparingly soluble in water. Effects Raloxifene (ATC G03XC01) … Raloxifene
