What is CYFRA 21-1? CYFRA 21-1 is the abbreviation for cytokeratin 19 fragment. Cytokeratins (cytokeratins) are stable, fiber-like proteins that form the cellular framework. This truss-like structure contributes to the stabilization and shape of a cell. There are 20 types of cytokeratins, each of which occurs in different types of cells in the body. When … CYFRA 21-1: reference values, significance
What is perimetry? Perimetry measures both the limits of the visual field perceived by the unaided eye (visual field) and the acuity of perception. In contrast to the central visual field, which provides the highest visual acuity, the outer part of the visual field is mainly used for orientation in and perception of the surroundings. … Perimetry: Process and Significance of Eye Examination
What are blood groups? The surface of red blood cells (erythrocytes) consists of various structures such as proteins and lipid compounds. They are called blood group antigens. Each person has a certain type of such antigens and thus a certain blood group. The most important blood group systems are the AB0 and Rhesus systems. In … Blood Types: ABO System, Frequencies, Significance
What is an eye test? The vision of the eyes can be checked by means of eye tests. There are various methods for this. Which one is used depends on the goal of the test, i.e. what the test is supposed to determine. Opticians and ophthalmologists usually perform the eye test. Eye test for visual … Eye test: Procedure and significance
Eye test: Colors on color charts To test color vision, the doctor uses various color charts, for example so-called Velhagen charts or Ishihara color charts. On the panels for the Ishihara test, there are pictures that are made up of dots in different colors, such as shades of red and green. Color vision patients can … Color Vision Test: Procedure and Significance
Early dementia detection using MMST The MMST (Mini Mental Status Text) is used to determine the cognitive abilities of older people. It is a very commonly used dementia test. The Mini Mental Status Test consists of a simple questionnaire. Based on the different tasks, brain performances such as orientation, memory, attention, arithmetic and language are … The MMSE Dementia Test: Procedure, Significance
What is thyroglobulin? Thyroglobulin is a protein formed in the thyroid gland. It binds the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 and stores them. When needed, the hormones split off from thyroglobulin again and can then perform their functions. They are involved in the regulation of many important body functions. Among other things, thyroid hormones affect … Thyroglobulin: Normal values, significance
What is NSE? The abbreviation NSE stands for “neuron-specific enolase” or “neuron-specific enolase”. Enolases are enzymes that play an important role in sugar metabolism. NSE is a version of the enolase enzyme that is mainly found in nerve cells and in so-called neuroendocrine cells. Neuroendocrine cells are special nerve cells that release hormones or other … NSE (Neuron-Specific Enolase): Significance, Normal Values
Peak flow measurement: how often is it necessary? To get a good overview of the condition of their bronchial tubes in obstructive airway diseases such as asthma or COPD, patients should take a peak flow measurement at least once a day. In certain cases, more frequent measurements are also advisable in situations that can have … Peak Flow Measurement: Application, Significance
What is CA 72-4? CA 72-4 is the abbreviation for “cancer antigen 72-4” or “carbohydrate antigen 72-4”. This compound of sugar and protein (glycoprotein) is a tumor marker that is found on the surface of various cancer cells. This is very often the case with stomach and ovarian cancer. Doctors determine the CA 72-4 value … CA 72-4: Normal Values, Significance
How does the Pap test work? The Pap test is carried out in two steps: First, the doctor takes a cell sample from the cervix. The cells are assessed in a specialized laboratory. As part of the gynecological examination, the doctor carefully opens the vagina with a speculum to gain access to the cervix. He … Pap Test: Reasons, Procedure, Significance
Procedure for punch biopsy and vacuum biopsy Breast and surrounding regions are first disinfected and locally anesthetized. During the punch biopsy, the physician inserts a fine guide cannula through the skin into the suspicious breast area under visual control using ultrasound or X-ray equipment. Using a special biopsy gun, he shoots a biopsy needle into … Breast Biopsy: Reasons, Procedure, Significance
