Products Sevelamer carbonate is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets and powder. It was approved in many countries in 2011 (Renvela). The precursor sevelamer chloride (Renagel) has been available since 2004. Generics were registered in 2018. Effects Sevelamer carbonate (ATC V03AE02) is a polymer containing numerous amino groups that are protonated in the … Sevelamer Carbonate
Products Immunosuppressants are commercially available in numerous dosage forms, for example, as creams, ointments, tablets, capsules, solutions, eye drops, and injectables. Structure and properties Within immunosuppressants, several groups can be identified. These include steroids such as the glucocorticoids, substances of microbiological origin such as ciclosporin and mycophenolate mofetil, derivatives of nucleic acids and their components … Immunosuppressants
Products Dexlansoprazole was approved in many countries in 2014 in the form of modified-release capsules (Dexilant). Generic versions were registered in 2020. Structure and properties Dexlansoprazole (C16H14F3N3O2S, Mr = 369.4 g/mol) is the pure -enantiomer of the racetmate lansoprazole (Agopton, both Takeda; generics). It exists as a white crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in … Dexlansoprazole
Products Topical calcineurin inhibitors are commercially available in many countries as ointments and creams (Protopic, Elidel). They have been approved in many countries since 2001 and 2003, respectively. Effects The active ingredients (ATC D11AH) have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. The effects are based on inhibition of the calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin. This reduces T-cell activation and … Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors
Products Tacrolimus is commercially available for external use as an ointment in two concentrations (Protopic). It has been approved in many countries since 2001. Structure and properties Tacrolimus (C44H69NO12 – H2O, Mr = 822.0 g/mol) is a complex macrolide formed by the fungus-like bacterium. It is present in drugs as tacrolimus monohydrate, white crystals, or … Topical Tacrolimus
Physiological background Itch results from activation of specialized afferent unmyelinated C fibers in the skin. These fibers are anatomically identical to those that conduct pain but differ in function and stimulus transmission to the brain. They contain a number of receptors such as histamine receptors, PAR-2, endothelin receptor, and TRPV1, and mediators such as histamine, … Itch
Background Potassium ions play an important role in many biological processes, particularly in the generation of membrane and action potentials and electrical conduction in nerve cells and the heart. Potassium is 98% localized intracellularly. The primary active transporter Na+/K+-ATPase provides transport into cells. Two hormones maintain the deep extracellular potassium concentration. The first is insulin, … Hyperkalemia (High Potassium)
Symptoms Atopic dermatitis, or neurodermatitis, is a noncontagious, chronic inflammatory skin disease that causes episodes of red, rough, dry or weeping, crusted and scaly skin. Eczema can occur all over the body and is typically accompanied by severe itching. Patients have dry skin. In infants, the disease begins on the scalp and cheeks. Depending on … Atopic Dermatitis: Eczema
Symptoms Lichen striatus is a benign skin disorder that manifests as small, white to red, lichenoid, sometimes scaly, inflammatory papules that appear unilaterally, primarily along the extremities, in linear bands following Blaschko lines. The nails may also be involved and mild pruritus is sometimes observed. The rash is most common in children and more common … Lichen Striatus
P-glycoprotein P-glycoprotein (P-gp, MDR1) is a primary active efflux transporter with a molecular weight of 170 kDa, belonging to the ABC superfamily and consisting of 1280 amino acids. P-gp is the product of the -gene (formerly: ). P is for , ABC is for . Occurrence P-glycoprotein is found on various tissues of the human … P-Glycoprotein
Introduction Tacrolimus is a drug which is used to inhibit and modulate the immune system. It is often used to inhibit transplant rejection, some autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory skin diseases. The active ingredient is derived from Gram-positive bacteria of the genus Streptomyces and shows structural similarity to the group of macrolide antibiotics. Tacrolimus was … Tacrolimus
Interactions with Tacrolimus Tacrolimus is almost completely metabolized in the liver by an enzyme (CYP34A) after absorption into the body. Since many other drugs are metabolized by the same enzyme, simultaneous intake may lead to interactions with the risk of an increased or decreased effect. If tacrolism is used after a transplant, there is a … Interactions with Tacrolimus | Tacrolimus
