How tacrolimus works Tacrolimus, as an immunosuppressant, prevents the release of cytokines (special proteins) in the T cells – activation of the immune system is suppressed. The function of the immune system in the human body is mediated mainly by the white blood cells circulating in the blood. A subset of these leukocytes are the … Tacrolimus: Effects, Applications, Side Effects
Products Caspofungin must be administered as an infusion solution because of its low oral bioavailability (Cancidas, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 2002 and was the first member of the echinocandins. Structure and properties Caspofungin is present in drugs as caspofungin diacetate (C52H88N10O15 – 2C2H4O2, Mr = 1213.42 g/mol), a hygroscopic white … Caspofungin
Products Tacrolimus is commercially available in the form of capsules, sustained-release capsules, sustained-release tablets, as a concentrated solution for infusion, as granules, and as an ointment (Prograf, generic, Advagraf, Protopic, generic, Modigraf). It has been approved in many countries since 1996. This article refers to oral use; see also Topical Tacrolimus (Protopic Ointment). Structure and … Tacrolimus (Protopic, Prograf): Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Products Darbepoetin alfa is commercially available as an injectable (Aranesp). It has been approved in many countries since 2002. Structure and properties Darbepoetin alfa is a recombinant glycoprotein produced by biotechnological methods. It consists of 165 amino acids and has the same sequence as natural erythropoietin (EPO), which is formed in the kidney, except for … Darbepoetin Alfa
The effect of the first liver passage For a perorally administered pharmaceutical agent to exert its effects at the site of action, it usually must enter the systemic circulation. To do so, it must pass through the intestinal wall, the liver, and part of the circulatory system. Despite complete absorption in the intestine, the bioavailability … First-Pass Metabolism
Symptoms Local skin reactions such as itching, inflammation, redness, and blistering occur acutely, especially at the sites of contact with the trigger. In the chronic stage, dry, scaly and cracked skin is often observed, e.g. in the form of chronic hand eczema. Affected areas include the hands, abdomen and earlobes. The rash can also appear … Metal Allergy
Symptoms Usually beginning before the age of 20, the appearance of white patches is completely asymptomatic; the foci themselves exhibit neither itching nor scaling, are often bizarrely configured, and occasionally have darker pigmentation around the edges. A hereditary predisposition exists in one third (approx. 35%) of affected individuals. The spread is extremely variable, it can … Vitiligo (White Spot Disease)
Background That grapefruit juice can cause drug-drug interactions was discovered by chance in a clinical trial in 1989 and confirmed in an experiment by the same research group in 1991 (Bailey et al, 1989, 1991). This showed that simultaneous ingestion of grapefruit juice with the calcium channel blocker felodipine significantly increases the bioavailability of felodipine. … Interactions with Grapefruit Juice
Products Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are available in numerous dosage forms. These include film-coated tablets, tablets, sustained-release tablets, oral suspensions, oral granules, suppositories, NSAID eye drops, lozenges, emulsifying gels, and creams (selection). The first active ingredient from this group was salicylic acid, which was used medicinally in the 19th century in the form of the … NSAID
Products Dabigatran is commercially available in capsule form (Pradaxa). It has been approved in many countries since 2012. It was first approved in 2008. Structure and properties Dabigatran (C25H25N7O3, Mr = 471.5 g/mol) is present in drugs as mesilate and in the form of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, which is metabolized in the organism by … Dabigatran
Products Pimecrolimus is commercially available as a cream (Elidel). It has been approved in many countries since 2003. Structure and properties Pimecrolimus (C43H68ClNO11, Mr = 810.5 g/mol) is a lipophilic macrolactam derivative of ascomycin, an ethyl analog of tacrolimus. It exists as a white crystalline powder that is insoluble in water. Effects Pimecrolimus (ATC D11AX15) … Pimecrolimus
Symptoms So-called dyshidrotic eczema manifests itself in itchy, non-reddened vesicles or blisters (bullae) that may appear on the sides of the fingers, on the palms of the hands, and also on the feet. The rash is often bilateral and symmetrical. The vesicles or blisters are filled with edema fluid (“water blisters”) and are located in … Dyshidrotic Eczema
