How tamoxifen works Tamoxifen is a so-called selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). This means that its estrogen-inhibiting effect is cell- and tissue-specific. Tamoxifen inhibits the effect of oestrogen in breast tissue (antagonistic) while it has an agonistic effect in the uterus, bones or lipid metabolism. The endogenous female hormone oestrogen (also known as estrogen) not … Tamoxifen: Effects, Uses, Side Effects
Active ingredients Nonsteroidal estrogen antagonists (SERMs). Tamoxifen (Nolvadex, generic). Toremifene (Fareston, off label). Clomiphene (Serophene, out of trade). Steroids: Fulvestrant (Faslodex) Indications Mammary carcinoma (breast cancer) Ovarian stimulation
Products Clomiphene was commercially available in tablet form (Serophene, Clomid). It was approved in many countries since 1967 and is currently no longer available. Drugs containing the active ingredient can be imported from abroad. Structure and properties Clomiphene (C26H28ClNO, Mr = 405.95 g/mol) is a nonsteroidal triphenylethylene derivative that exists as an unequal mixture of … Citalopram: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Products Tamoxifen is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Nolvadex, generic). It was synthesized in 1962 and tested as a contraceptive (“morning-after pill”) but was not suitable for this purpose. It was first used as a breast cancer drug in the early 1970s. It has been approved in many countries since 1976. Structure … Tamoxifen (Nolvadex): Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Products Doping agents include approved drugs, legal and illegal intoxicants, experimental agents, and illegally manufactured and trafficked substances. Doping includes non-drug doping methods, such as blood doping, in addition to drugs. Effects Doping agents differ in their pharmacological activities. Stimulants, for example, stimulate and thus increase alertness and aggressiveness for competition. In contrast, beta-blockers provide … Doping in Competitive Sports
Symptoms A hot flash is a spontaneous feeling of warmth that may be accompanied by sweating, palpitations, flushing of the skin, feelings of anxiety, and subsequent chills, and lasts for a few minutes. The flushes affect mainly the head and upper body, but sometimes the whole body. The flushes often also occur at night, are … Floods
Products Ospemifene is commercially available in tablet form (Osphena). It was approved in the United States in February 2013. It is not yet registered in many countries. Structure and properties Ospemifene (C24H23ClO2, Mr = 378.9 g/mol) exists as a white crystalline powder that is insoluble in water. It is a triphenylethylene derivative and has a … Ospemifene
Definition and examples The duration of therapy or treatment defines the period of time during which a drug is administered preventively or therapeutically. The shortest duration of therapy occurs with a single dose. This involves a single administration of a drug without repetition. An example of this is the antifungal drug fluconazole for the treatment … Duration of Therapy
Introduction Hot flashes are short episodes in which the blood vessels in certain parts of the body dilate and are flooded with warm blood. In most cases, the heat wave begins in the chest and then spreads throughout the body. Immediately afterwards, there is heavy sweating in the affected areas and then a slight chill. … Causes of hot flushes
These diseases can cause hot flashes Hyperthyroidism, also called hyperthyroidism, means that the thyroid gland produces too many hormones for various reasons. The hormones of the thyroid gland have an influence on the metabolism and the cardiovascular system. If overproduction occurs, the metabolism is boosted and this increases the body temperature. However, this is only … These diseases can cause hot flashes | Causes of hot flushes
Psychosomatic causes of hot flashes The psyche and the body are very closely interwoven. In case of psychological stress, stress hormones are released and these stimulate the circulation and can also trigger hot flushes. But also other stressful events, partly from very old memories, can trigger physical symptoms. In many cases, the person affected is … Psychosomatic causes of hot flashes | Causes of hot flushes
Other causes of hot flashes There is caffeine in coffee and some other beverages. In addition to its stimulating effect, caffeine has many approaches to the cardiovascular system. Caffeine increases the heart‘s beating power and also raises blood pressure and pulse rate. In addition, caffeine widens the peripheral vessels, i.e. blood vessels in the skin, … Other causes of hot flashes | Causes of hot flushes
