Definition The presence of a risk factor increases the likelihood of a disease or adverse event. For example, smoking is a recognized risk factor for lung cancer, COPD, and cardiovascular disease. There is a causal (cause-and-effect) relationship. Relationship between risk factor and disease The presence of a risk factor does not necessarily lead to the … Risk Factors
Products The first agent in the GLP-1 receptor agonist group to be approved was exenatide (Byetta) in the United States in 2005 and in many countries and the EU in 2006. In the meantime, several other drugs have been registered (see below). These drugs are also known as incretin mimetics. They are commercially available as … GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Symptoms The possible acute symptoms of type 1 diabetes include: Thirst (polydipsia) and hunger (polyphagia). Increased urination (polyuria). Visual disturbances Weight loss Fatigue, exhaustion, declining performance. Poor wound healing, infectious diseases. Skin lesions, itching Acute complications: Hyperacidity (ketoacidosis), coma, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. The disease usually manifests in childhood or adolescence and is therefore also called … Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
Symptoms The possible acute symptoms of type 2 diabetes include: Thirst (polydipsia) and hunger (polyphagia). Increased urination (polyuria). Visual disturbances Weight loss Fatigue, exhaustion, declining performance. Poor wound healing, infectious diseases. Skin lesions, itching Acute complications: Hyperacidity (ketoacidosis), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. Untreated diabetes is far from harmless and can lead in the longer term to … Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: Causes and Treatment
Products Glibornuride was commercially available in tablet form (Glutril, originally Roche, later MEDA Pharma). It was approved in many countries since 1971. It was discontinued in 2019. Structure and properties Glibornuride (C18H26N2O4S, Mr = 366.48 g/mol) is a sulfonylurea. Effects Glibornuride (ATC A10BB04) has antihyperglycemic and antidiabetic properties. The effects are due to the promotion … Glibornuride
Products Gliptins are commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets. Sitagliptin (Januvia) was the first representative to be approved in the United States in 2006. Today, various active ingredients and combination products are commercially available (see below). They are also called dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Structure and properties Some gliptins have a proline-like structure because … Gliptine
Products Tofogliflozin was approved in Japan in 2014 (initial registration, Apleway, Deberza). The drug is not currently registered in many countries. Structure and properties Tofogliflozin (C22H26O6, Mr = 386.4 g/mol) Effects Tofogliflozin has antidiabetic and antihyperglycemic properties. It is a selective inhibitor of sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2). This transporter is responsible for the reabsorption of … Tofogliflozin
Products Insulins are primarily commercially available in the form of clear injection solutions and turbid injection suspensions (vials, cartridges for pens, ready-to-use pens). In some countries, inhalation preparations are also available. However, these are an exception. Insulins should be stored in a refrigerator at 2 to 8°C (see under Refrigerated Storage). They must not be … Insulins
Products Dulaglutide was approved as a solution for injection in many countries in 2015 (Trulicity). Structure and properties Dulaglutide (ATC A10BJ05) is a fusion protein consisting of two identical chains linked by disulfide bridges. The chains contain: The GLP-1 analog (sequence segment 7-37), which is 90% the same as the natural GLP-1 segment. It has … Dulaglutide
Structure and properties Remogliflozin (C23H32N2O8, Mr = 464.5 g/mol) is present in drugs as remogliflozinetabonate, an ester prodrug of remogliflozin. Effects Remogliflozin has antidiabetic and antihyperglycemic properties. It is a selective inhibitor of sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2). This transporter is responsible for the reabsorption of glucose at the proximal tubule of the nephron. Inhibition leads … Remogliflozin
Products Ipragliflozin is not currently registered in many countries. It was first approved in Japan in 2014 (Suglat). Structure and properties Ipragliflozin (C21H21FO5S, Mr = 404.5 g/mol) is a benzthiophene derivative. Effects Ipragliflozin has antidiabetic and antihyperglycemic properties. It is a selective inhibitor of sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2). This transporter is responsible for the reabsorption … Ipragliflozin
Symptoms Possible symptoms of clinically manifest magnesium deficiency include: Neuromuscular symptoms such as a tremor, muscle spasms, fasciculations (involuntary muscle movements), seizures Central disorders: Apathy, fatigue, dizziness, delirium, coma. Cardiovascular disorders: ECG changes, cardiac arrhythmias, palpable heartbeats, hypertension. Osteoporosis, Altered glucose homeostasis. Magnesium deficiency is often accompanied by calcium and potassium deficiency. However, many patients … Magnesium Deficiency
