Definition Pharmaceutical agents are excreted primarily in the urine and, via the liver, in the bile in the stool. When excreted via the bile, they re-enter the small intestine, where they may be reabsorbed. They are transported back to the liver via the portal vein. This repetitive process is called the enterohepatic circulation. It prolongs … Enterohepatic Circulation
Products Obeticholic acid is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Ocaliva). It has been approved in the EU and US since 2016 and in many countries since 2018. Structure and properties Obeticholic acid (C26H44O4, Mr = 420.6 g/mol) exists as a white powder that is highly soluble in water at a high pH. … Obeticholic Acid
Ursodeoxycholic acid (also known as ursodeoxycholic acid) is a natural, tertiary bile acid. It is used in the dissolution of small gallstones (up to a maximum of 15 mm) and in the therapy of certain diseases of the liver. What is ursodeoxycholic acid? Ursodeoxycholic acid (ursodeoxycholic acid) belongs to the group of sterols from the … Ursodeoxycholic Acid: Effects, Uses & Risks
Products Dapsone is approved in Germany in tablet form (Dapsone-Fatol). In the USA, it is additionally on the market as a gel for the treatment of acne (Aczone). No preparations are currently registered in many countries. Structure and properties Dapsone or 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (C12H12N2O2S, Mr = 248.3 g/mol) is a sulfone and aniline derivative with structural … Dapsone
Products Ursodeoxycholic acid is available in many countries in various dosage forms and has been approved since 1978. Structure and properties Ursodeoxycholic acid (C24H40O4, Mr = 392.6 g/mol) exists as a white powder that is very sparingly soluble in water. It is a naturally occurring bile acid that can be prepared from bovine bile. Effects … Ursodeoxycholic Acid
Symptoms Gallstones manifest as pain and cramping below the breastbone and in the right upper abdomen. The pain may also radiate to the back and shoulders. Biliary colic with stones in the bile ducts causes unbearable discomfort. Possible complications include inflammation of the gallbladder, bacterial infection, fever, blockage of the bile ducts with jaundice, inflammation … Gallstones Causes and Treatment
Introduction Ursodeoxycholic acid is a preparation for the treatment of small gallstones containing cholesterol (cholelithiasis). In Germany about 15 to 20% of people suffer from gallstones. Women are more frequently affected than men. In addition to the female sex, typical risk factors include overweight (obesity), old age (over 40 years) and the presence of gallstones … Ursodeoxcholic acid
Side effects During therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid, serious side effects occur only in very rare cases. Frequently (1 to 10 out of 100 patients), however, diarrhea is more frequent in patients. This is partly due to the inhibited absorption of cholesterol from the intestine into the body, which causes high levels of cholesterol to be … Side effects | Ursodeoxcholic acid
Dosage Ursodeoxycholic acid is indicated for the treatment of cholesterol-containing gallstones in adults. However, in rare cases it may also be prescribed for children as young as 6 years of age. However, the dosage must be adjusted to the child’s body weight. Approximately a daily dose of 10 mg per kilogram of body weight is … Dosage | Ursodeoxcholic acid
Alternatives to ursodeoxycholic acid Often, treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid has only a limited effect on the formation and dissolution of gallstones. Even the comparably acting preparation chenodeoxycholic acid does not show a better response. For this reason, symptomatic drug treatment is often necessary. The very painful upper abdominal pain can be treated with spasmolytics (e.g. … Alternatives to ursodeoxycholic acid | Ursodeoxcholic acid
