Congenital malformations, deformities, and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99).
- Congenital malformations of the lungs, unspecified.
Respiratory system (J00-J99)
- Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (BIB; bronchoconstriction); common in children; symptoms include dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest tightness, whistling breathing (“wheezing”), or coughing during or after exercise (develop within 15 min of exercise and resolve within 1 h); more than one-third of all children show a marked decrease in one-second capacity (FEV1; English : Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second; Forced one-second volume = second air) ≥ 10 percent after physical exertion (e.g., sports).
- Bronchiectasis (synonym: bronchiectasis) – permanently existing irreversible saccular or cylindrical dilatation of the bronchi (medium-sized airways), which may be congenital or acquired; symptoms: chronic cough with “mouthful expectoration” (large-volume triple-layered sputum: foam, mucus, and pus), fatigue, weight loss, and a reduced performance capacity
- Bronchiolitis – inflammation of the small branches of the bronchial tree, called bronchioles.
- Chronic bronchitis (according to WHO definition) – chronic persistent cough.
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – predominantly affects older people who have smoked. COPD is a mixed picture of chronic obstructive bronchitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane in the bronchi) and emphysema (abnormal increase in the air content of the lungs); see “Symptoms – complaints” under “Differentiation of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease“.
- Eosinophilic bronchitis (also called eosinophilic pulmonary infiltrate) – group of lung diseases in which there is an increased presence of eosinophils (a form of white blood cell) in the lungs and usually in the bloodstream as well
- Epiglottitis (inflammation of the epiglottis).
- Pulmonary fibrosis – group of chronic diseases associated with remodeling of the lung skeleton (interstitial lung diseases).
- Pneumonia (pneumonia) – bronchopneumonia (course form of pneumonia, in which the inflammation affects the surroundings of bronchi in a focal form).
- Pneumothorax – collapse of the lungs due to air in the pleural space (space between the ribs and lung pleura, where physiologically there is negative pressure).
- Postinfectious (“occurring after an infection”) bronchial hyperresponsiveness (with cough), transient.
- Tension pneumothorax – collapse of the lungs with increasing displacement of the organs of the chest, which can lead to cardiovascular arrest.
- Vocal cord dysfunction (Engl. Vocal Cord Dysfunction, VCD) – leading symptom of VCD: Abrupt onset of respiratory distress-inducing laryngeal obstruction (laryngeal constriction usually experienced in the cervical or upper tracheal region), usually during inspiration (inhalation), which can lead to respiratory distress of varying intensity, inspiratory stridor (breath sounds on inhalation), no bronchial hyperresponsiveness (airway hypersensitivity in which the bronchi constrict abruptly), normal lung function; cause: Paradoxical intermittent glottis closure; especially in younger women.
Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic disorders (E00-E90).
- Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD; α1-antitrypsin deficiency; synonyms: Laurell-Eriksson syndrome, protease inhibitor deficiency, AAT deficiency) – relatively common genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance in which too little alpha-1-antitrypsin is produced because of a polymorphism (occurrence of multiple gene variants). A deficiency of protease inhibitors is manifested by a lack of inhibition of elastase, which causes the elastin of the pulmonary alveoli to degrade. As a result, chronic obstructive bronchitis with emphysema (COPD, progressive airway obstruction that is not fully reversible) occurs. In the liver, the lack of protease inhibitors leads to chronic hepatitis (liver inflammation) with transition to liver cirrhosis (non-reversible damage to the liver with pronounced remodeling of the liver tissue). The prevalence (disease frequency) of homozygous alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is estimated at 0.01-0.02 percent in the European population.
- Cystic fibrosis (ZF) – genetic disease with autosomal recessive inheritance, characterized by the production of secretions in various organs to be tamed.
Cardiovascular system (I00-I99).
- Asthma cardiale (pulmonary congestion with obstruction) – disease resulting in shortness of breath due to heart failure (cardiac insufficiency); symptoms: pulmonary edema (accumulation of fluid in lung tissue or alveoli) with moist rales, frothy sputum (sputum)
- Heart failure (cardiac insufficiency).
- Pulmonary embolism – obstruction of pulmonary vessels by a blood clot; in the history (medical history), if necessary, a deep vein thrombosis (TBVT); symptoms: usually no expiratory (“when exhaling”) wheezing; often feverNote: the clinical picture of a pulmonary embolism is nonspecific in children!
Infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99).
- Pertussis (whooping cough)
- Tuberculosis (consumption)
Mouth, esophagus (esophagus), stomach, and intestines (K00-K67; K90-K93).
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (synonyms: GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); gastroesophageal reflux disease (reflux disease); gastroesophageal reflux; reflux esophagitis; reflux disease; Reflux esophagitis; peptic esophagitis) – inflammatory disease of the esophagus (esophagitis) caused by the pathological reflux (reflux) of acid gastric juice and other gastric contents.
Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99).
- Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), formerly Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) – granulomatous (roughly: “granule-forming”) inflammation of small to medium-sized blood vessels in which the affected tissue is infiltrated (“walked through”) by eosinophilic granulocytes (inflammatory cells). [in severe bronchial asthma and blood eosinophilia, think of EPGA!]
Neoplasms – tumor diseases (C00-D48).
- Sarcoidosis (granulomatous inflammation).
- Tumors of the trachea (windpipe)
- Tumors of the larynx (larynx)
- Tumors of the lung such as bronchial carcinoma (lung cancer).
Psyche – nervous system (F00-F99; G00-G99)
- Hyperventilation syndrome – disorder of breathing with ventilation of the lungs increased above the need, which occurs mainly in conflict situations.
Injuries, poisonings and other consequences of external causes (S00-T98).
- Foreign body aspiration (inhalation of foreign bodies); symptoms: inspiratory stridor (breathing sound during inhalation (inspiration); esp. in children) – Note: An interdisciplinary approach is always required when removing foreign bodies from the airways of children!
Further
- Central airway stenosis (tumors, tracheomalacia, foreign bodies).
