Bladder Cancer: Prevention

To prevent urinary bladder cancer (bladder cancer), attention must be paid to reducing individual risk factors. Behavioral risk factors

  • Diet
    • Nitrosamine exposure Smoked and cured foods and foods high in nitrates and nitrites Nitrate is a potentially toxic compound: Nitrate is reduced to nitrite in the body by bacteria (saliva/stomach). Nitrite is a reactive oxidant that reacts preferentially with the blood pigment hemoglobin, converting it to methemoglobin. Furthermore, nitrites (also contained in cured sausage and meat products and ripened cheese) form nitrosamines with secondary amines (contained in meat and sausage products, cheese and fish), which have genotoxic and mutagenic effects. The daily intake of nitrate is usually about 70% from the consumption of vegetables (lettuce and lettuce, green, white and Chinese cabbage, kohlrabi, spinach, radish, radish, beet), 20% from drinking water (nitrogen fertilizer) and 10% from meat and meat products and fish.
    • Micronutrient deficiency (vital substances) – see prevention with micronutrients.
  • Consumption of stimulants
    • Tobacco (smoking) – among other things due toaromatic amines in tobacco smoke such as the 2-naphthylamine.
      • Smoking abstinence: with a hazard ratio (HR; probability of a given event occurring within a defined time period) of 1 in kidney smokers, this amounted to
        • Men with smoking abstinence of 1-4 years had a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.32, of 5-9 years of 2.85, and of ≥ 10 years 1.93
        • Women with smoking abstinence of 1-4 years had a HR of 3.97, of 5-9 years of 3.49, and of ≥ 10 years 2.08
      • After about 20 years, ex-smokers have a similar risk as non-smokers.

Environmental pollution – intoxications (poisonings).

  • Arsenic
    • Men: mortality risk (risk of death)/relative risk (RR) 4.79 (95 percent confidence interval 4.20-5.46).
    • Women: Mortality risk/relative risk 6.43 (95-percent confidence interval 5.49-7.54).
  • Intake of nitrosamines
  • Occupational contact with carcinogens such as aromatic amines (such as aniline, benzidine, toluidine, 2-naphthylamine, naphthylamine, etc. and their derivatives; starting material for pharmaceuticals, plastics, pesticides or dyes)In terms of an occupational disease BK 1301, mainly aromatic amines of category 1 and, with restrictions, category 2 are of importance: e. g. For example, exposure of the hazardous substance contained in gasoline and motor oil o-toluidine (chemical compound from the group of aromatic, single methylated anilines).
  • Dry cleaning (4-chloro-o-toluidine).
  • Diesel exhaust (due topolycyclic hydrocarbons, PAHs; excretion of PAH metabolites via kidneys).
  • Massive exposure to combustion products
  • Handling hair dyes (β-naphthylamine).

Further

  • Occupational groups at increased risk, in descending order: workers who come into contact with or occupational groups:
    • Firefighters (RR 4.30; 0.78-23.80).
    • Brewery workers (RR 2.09; 0.34-12.88)
    • Chemical process (RR 1.87; 95 percent confidence interval 1.50-2.34).
    • Rubber (RR 1.82; 1.40-2.38)
    • Textile workers (RR 1.74; 1.45-2.08)
    • Dyes (RR 1.80; 1.07-3.04)
    • Glass workers (RR 1.66; 1.21-2.27)
    • Electrician (RR 1.60 (1.09-2.36)
    • Blast furnace worker (RR 1.55; 1.07-2.25)
    • Service personnel (RR 1.49; 1.05-2.12)
    • Waiters (RR 1.30; 1.01-1.65)
    • Health care worker (RR 1.16; 1.07-1.26)

Prevention factors (protective factors)

  • Genetic factors:
    • Genetic risk reduction depending on gene polymorphisms:
      • Genes/SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism; English : single nucleotide polymorphism):
        • SNP: rs1495741 in an intergenic region.
          • Allele constellation: AG (0.87-fold).
          • Allele constellation: GG (0.76-fold)
        • SNP: rs710521 in an intergenic region.
          • Allele constellation: GG (0.83-fold).
  • High versus low leisure-time physical activity was associated with a lower risk of urinary bladder cancer (-13%; HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.82-0.92).