Pathogenesis (development of disease)
Dyslexia represents a very complex underlying disorder in which various causes may be present. However, genetic factors are always thought to interact with environmental factors. Up to 70% of dyslexia is genetic.
Etiology (causes)
Biographical causes
- Genetic burden from parents, grandparents – children of dyslexics have a greatly increased risk of having dyslexia themselves (circa 50% for one parent, significantly higher for both parents)
- Genetic risk dependent on gene polymorphisms:
- Genes/SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism):
- Genes: DCDC2, TDP2
- SNP: rs807701 in the gene DCDC2
- Allele constellation: CT (1.88-fold).
- Allele constellation: CC (2.0-fold to 5.0-fold)
- SNP: rs2143340 in gene TDP2
- Allele constellation: CT (slightly increased risk).
- Allele constellation: CC (2.0-fold
- Genes/SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism):
- Genetic risk dependent on gene polymorphisms:
Disease-related causes
Eyes and eye appendages (H00-H59).
- Visual perception disorders, unspecified
Other
- Disturbances in the perception of speech and processing of sounds.