To prevent foot deformities, attention must be paid to reducing individual risk factors. Buckling foot (pes valgus) Risk factors General ligament weakness Drop foot (pes adductus) Behavioral risk factors Low-mobility lifestyle (= immobilization of the feet in shoes. This often prevents the necessary training stimulus on the foot muscles). Sickle foot (pes adductus) Behavioral risk … Foot Deformities: Prevention
The following symptoms and complaints may indicate foot deformities: Hacked foot (pes calcaneus). Excessive dorsiflexion (= foot bent upward; steep downward heel). Impeded (impossible) plantar flexion (= sole of foot turned outward). If necessary, pressure points on the dorsum of the foot / lower leg. Hanging foot Steppergang High arch (pes cavus, pes excavatus) High … Foot Deformities: Symptoms, Complaints, Signs
Anatomy The foot consists of many corresponding joints that together form a functional unit. In the foot, one can distinguish the medial and lateral columns of the foot, as well as distinguish the hindfoot, metatarsus and forefoot. The foot shows a longitudinal and a transverse arch. Pathogenesis (disease development) of the heel foot (pes calcaneus) … Foot Deformities: Causes
General measures Congenital foot deformities Corrective plaster casts in the first months of life lead to guidance of growth Foot exercises for coordination and muscle strengthening is very important Insoles, splints, etc. are also used Acquired foot deformities Insoles, splints, etc. are used to provide support or relief Aim for normal weight! Determination of BMI … Foot Deformities: Therapy
General surgical therapy of congenital foot deformities If foot deformities cannot be compensated by conservative measures, surgery on muscles. Joints, tendons, etc. (soft tissue surgery) an improvement can be achieved. General surgical therapy of acquired foot deformities After completion of growth, the following forms of surgical therapy may be considered: Joint-preserving surgery Please see “Further … Foot Deformities: Surgical Therapy
The anamnesis (medical history) represents an important component in the diagnosis of foot deformities. Family history Are there any conditions in your family that are common? Are there any hereditary diseases in your family? Social history What is your profession? Current medical history/systemic history (somatic and psychological complaints). What changes have you noticed in your … Foot Deformities: Medical History
Hacked foot (pes calcaneus) Congenital flatfoot (talus verticalis) D.D. congenital heelfoot. Hanging foot Malposition of the foot due to pain Hollow foot(Pes cavus, Pes excavatus) Further Hacked hollow foot – combination of hacked and hollow foot. Clubfoot(Pes equinovarus, supinatus, excavatus et adductus) Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99). Climbing foot (pes supinatus). Sickle foot (Metatarsus … Foot Deformities: Or something else? Differential Diagnosis
The following are the most important diseases or complications that can be caused by foot deformities: General Pain in the foot Restriction of movement Hollow foot (pes cavus, pes excavatus) Musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99). Claw toes Injuries, poisonings, and other sequelae of external causes (S00-T98). External ligament rupture in the upper ankle joint … Foot Deformities: Consequential Diseases
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height; further: Inspection (viewing). Gait pattern (fluid, limping) Body or joint posture (upright, bent, relieving posture). Malpositions (deformities, contractures, shortenings). Muscle atrophies (side comparison!, if necessary circumference measurements). Joint(abrasions/wounds, swelling (tumor), redness (rubor), … Foot Deformities: Examination
Laboratory diagnosis – taking into account age and concomitant diseases – is required if surgical action is to be taken.
Optional medical device diagnostics – depending on the results of the history, physical examination, laboratory diagnostics, and obligatory medical device diagnostics – for differential diagnostic clarification. Radiographic examinations, i.e., dorsoplantar and lateral radiographs of the foot, as well as the “long axial hindfoot view” radiograph for assessment of the hindfoot axis (esp. for follow-up) Pedobarography … Foot Deformities: Diagnostic Tests