Medical history (history of illness) represents an important component in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Family history Social anamnesis Current anamnesis/systemic anamnesis (somatic and psychological complaints). Have you noticed any of the following symptoms? Fever Night sweats Unintentional weight loss Cough Weakness Fatigue Do you suffer from shortness of breath?* Vegetative anamnesis incl. nutritional anamnesis. Have … Tuberculosis: Medical History
Respiratory System (J00-J99) Pulmonary abscess Pulmonary emphysema (overinflation of the alveoli) Pneumonia (pneumonia) Blood, blood-forming organs – immune system (D50-D90). Sarcoidosis (synonyms: Boeck’s disease; Schaumann-Besnier’s disease) – systemic disease of connective tissue with granuloma formation (skin, lungs, and lymph nodes). Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90). Cystic fibrosis (ZF) – genetic disease with autosomal recessive … Tuberculosis: Or something else? Differential Diagnosis
To prevent tuberculosis, attention must be paid to reducing risk factors. Behavioral risk factors Consumption of stimulants Tobacco (smoking) Drug use (intravenous, i.e., through the vein). Disease-related risk factors Malnutrition Environmental pollution – intoxications (poisonings) Quartz dust (dusts containing crystalline silica (SiO2), silicosis → silico-tuberculosis). Other risk factors People with close contact with affected persons … Tuberculosis: Prevention
The following symptoms and complaints may indicate tuberculosis: Main symptoms Weight loss/weight loss* General feeling of illness, signs of a flu-like infection Concentration disorders Fever* [subfebrile temperatures] Increased sweating, especially at night (night sweats; nocturnal sweating). Anorexia* (loss of appetite). Fatigue Weakness Cough, first unproductive, later productive, ie with sputum; possibly with blood admixtures (hemoptysis … Tuberculosis: Symptoms, Complaints, Signs
Pathogenesis (development of disease) The causative agents of tuberculosis belong to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. These include M. africanum, M. microti, M. tuberculosis, and M. canetti. The pathogens are transmitted via aerosols. Uptake of the pathogens occurs in the alveoli (pulmonary alveoli) via macrophages (phagocytes). This is followed by either lysis (dissolution) of the pathogens … Tuberculosis: Causes
General measures Observance of the general hygiene measures! In the occurrence of fever: Bed rest and physical rest (even with only a slight fever). Fever below 38.5 °C does not necessarily need to be treated! (Exceptions: Children prone to febrile convulsions; old, weakened people; patients with a weakened immune system). For fever from 39 ° … Tuberculosis: Therapy
The following are the most important diseases or complications that may be contributed to by tuberculosis: Respiratory system (J00-J99) Pleurisy tuberculosa (pleurisy caused by tuberculosis). Pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs), caseous Respiratory insufficiency (disorder of gas exchange of the lungs): Respiratory partial insufficiency: arterial hypoxemia with reduction of partial pressure of oxygen below a threshold … Tuberculosis: Consequential Diseases
A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body temperature, body weight, body height [weight loss!]; furthermore: Inspection (viewing). Skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae (white part of eye) [pallor, drumstick fingers (distension of finger end links); sweaty/increased sweating; anemia (anemia)] Abdomen (abdomen) Shape … Tuberculosis: Examination
Laboratory parameters of the 1st order – obligatory laboratory tests. Tuberculin skin test* * (THT) – this procedure involves injecting purified tuberculin into the skin; the test cannot distinguish between old and fresh infection. The test is recommended for children younger than 5 years of age and may also be used in children between 5 … Tuberculosis: Lab Test
Obligatory medical device diagnostics. X-ray of the thorax (radiographic thorax/chest), in two planes (method of choice for persons 16 years and older) [Phase 1, onset of infection + phase 2, early tuberculous lesion: exudative reactions/and sharp focus of compression due to pneumonic exudation; Phase 3, immune reaction: solid, productive focus; Phase 4, cavern formation (cavities … Tuberculosis: Diagnostic Tests
Operative therapy – 2nd order Laparoscopy (abdominal endoscopy) for diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis. If necessary, laparatomy (abdominal incision) for complications with stricturoplasty (surgical procedure to widen a stricture (high-grade narrowing) on the small intestine), bypass or resection because of obstructions that may appear clinically as scarred narrowing (these are the result of the healing process … Tuberculosis: Surgical Therapy
