Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases

Tobacco Dependence: Causes

Pathogenesis (development of disease) Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 substances that have very different modes of action. Nicotine mediates neurobiological effects; for example, it has stimulating, appetite-reducing, rewarding, vigilance-increasing, and sedative effects. The psychotropic effects are manifold and are due to the nicotine-mediated release of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine or beta-endorphin. Physical dependence results from … Tobacco Dependence: Causes

Tobacco Dependence: Complications

The following are the most important diseases or complications that may be contributed to by tobacco dependence: Congenital malformations, deformities, and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99). Maldescensus testis (undescended testis). Respiratory system (J00-J99) Acute bronchitis Bronchial asthma Chronic bronchitis Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Interstitial lung disease (differential diagnosis to be considered in smokers with exertional dyspnea … Tobacco Dependence: Complications

Tobacco Dependence: Examination

A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height; further: Inspection (viewing). Of the skin, mucous membranes, pharynx (throat) and sclerae (white part of the eye) [due topossible sequelae: pharyngitis (pharyngitis), tonsillitis (tonsillitis)]. Extremities [cold, in nicotine intoxication: muscle tremors]. Auscultation … Tobacco Dependence: Examination

Tobacco Dependence: Test and Diagnosis

Determination of laboratory parameters are generally not indicated for mental and behavioral disorders associated with tobacco dependence. Diseases – see self-history – that can be or are the consequence of atherosclerosis (arteriosclerosis, hardening of the arteries) – as a consequence of tobacco dependence – require diagnostic clarification according to the guidelines of Evidence Based Medicine. … Tobacco Dependence: Test and Diagnosis

Memory Loss (Amnesia): Diagnostic Tests

Optional medical device diagnostics – depending on the results of the history, physical examination, laboratory diagnostics, and obligatory medical device diagnostics – for differential diagnosis. Computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging of the skull (cranial CT or.cCT/cranial MRI or cMRI) – for further diagnosis [cMRI in transient global amnesia: 80% of cases show reversible punctate DWI lesions … Memory Loss (Amnesia): Diagnostic Tests

Memory Loss (Amnesia): Symptoms, Complaints, Signs

The following symptoms and complaints may indicate amnesia: Antegrade amnesia – memory lapse that affects a specific time after the triggering event. Dissociative/psychogenic amnesia – form of amnesia that is limited to specific events only. Congrade amnesia – memory gap for a specific event. Lacunar amnesia – lack of memory for a specific event. Retrograde … Memory Loss (Amnesia): Symptoms, Complaints, Signs

Concussion (Commotio Cerebri)

Commotio cerebri (synonyms: commotio; mild traumatic brain injury; ICD-10-GM S06.0: concussion) is a cerebral concussion (GE). This refers to a completely reversible functional disorder of the brain that can occur in the context of a traumatic brain injury (craniocerebral injury). However, damage to the brain structures is not detectable. The following forms of traumatic brain … Concussion (Commotio Cerebri)

Concussion (Commotio Cerebri): Medical History

Medical history (history of illness) is an important component in the diagnosis of commotio cerebri (concussion). Family history Social history Current anamnesis/systemic anamnesis (somatic and psychological complaints). What symptoms have you noticed? Can you remember a triggering event (accident)? Do you suffer from headaches, dizziness and/or nausea? Were you unconscious?* If so, can anyone tell … Concussion (Commotio Cerebri): Medical History

Concussion (Commotio Cerebri): Complications

The following are the major conditions or complications that may be contributed to by commotio cerebri (concussion): Factors affecting health status and leading to health care utilization (Z00-Z99). Suicide (suicide; threefold higher)) Circulatory system (I00-I99) Apoplexy (stroke) – two weeks after head or neck trauma in patients younger than 50 years in 0.04%; in 37% … Concussion (Commotio Cerebri): Complications

Concussion (Commotio Cerebri): Examination

A comprehensive clinical examination is the basis for selecting further diagnostic steps: Assessment of consciousness using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) (see below). General physical examination – including blood pressure, pulse, body weight, height; furthermore: Inspection (viewing). Skin and mucous membranes Abdomen (abdomen) Shape of the abdomen? Skin color? Skin texture? Efflorescences (skin changes)? Pulsations? … Concussion (Commotio Cerebri): Examination

Concussion (Commotio Cerebri): Test and Diagnosis

2nd-order laboratory parameters – depending on the results of the history, physical examination, and obligatory laboratory parameters – for differential diagnostic clarification in cases of unclear unconsciousness Small blood count Inflammatory parameters – CRP (C-reactive protein) or ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate). Urine status (rapid test for: pH, leukocytes, nitrite, protein, glucose, ketone, urobilinogen, bilirubin, blood). … Concussion (Commotio Cerebri): Test and Diagnosis