Selenium performs its functions as an integral component of proteins and enzymes, respectively. Relevant enzymes include selenium-containing glutathione peroxidases (GPxs), deiodases – types 1, 2, and 3 -, thioredoxin reductases (TrxR), selenoprotein P as well as W, and selenophosphate synthetase.Selenium deficiency leads to loss of activity of these proteins. Selenium-dependent enzymes Glutathione peroxidases The four … Selenium: Functions
Interactions of selenium with other micronutrients (vital substances): Iodine Selenium deficiency can exacerbate the symptoms of iodine deficiency. Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormone. At the same time, selenium-containing enzymes – iodothyronine deiodinases -, are needed for the conversion of thyroxine (T4) to the biologically active thyroid hormone triiodothyroxine (T3). Supplemental selenium … Selenium: Interactions
A blood selenium concentration below 80-95 µg/L (1.0-1.2µmol/L) suboptimal selenium status leads to impaired enzyme activity of glutathione peroxidases (GPx) and selenoprotein P activity At selenium intakes of less than 20 µg per day, clinical symptoms include. Macrocytosis Pseudoalbinism Striped fingernails Cardio and skeletal myopathies (can be severe enough to limit walking ability) Typical selenium … Selenium: Deficiency Symptoms
The European food safety authority (EFSA) last evaluated vitamins and minerals for safety in 2006 and set a so-called Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for each micronutrient, provided sufficient data were available. This UL reflects the maximum safe level of a micronutrient that will not cause adverse effects when taken daily from all sources for … Selenium: Safety Assessment
Selenium was not included in the National Nutrition Survey II (2008). Regarding the intake of selenium in the German population, data exist only from a study by Drobner et al. in 1996. Regarding the supply situation, it can be stated: On average, men take 41 µg and women 30 µg selenium per day to themselves … Selenium: Supply Situation
The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) presented below are aimed at healthy people of normal weight. They do not refer to the supply of sick and convalescent people. Individual requirements may therefore be higher than the DGE recommendations (e.g. due to diet, consumption of stimulants, long-term medication, etc.). Furthermore, … Selenium: Intake
Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si. In the periodic table, it has atomic number 14 and is in the 3rd period and 4th main group and carbon group, respectively (“tetrels”). Since silicon has the properties of both metals and classical non-conductors, it is one of the typical semimetals or semiconductors (elemental semiconductors). … Silicon: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport and Distribution
Silicon is a necessary component of mucopolysaccharides in epithelia and tissues. Silicon is important for: Strong hair and strong fingernails. Moisture retention and thickness of the skin Bone formation [possible effect] – vitamin D independent
Interactions of silicon with other micronutrients (vital substances): Aluminum Increased renal excretion of aluminum was observed after high silicon intake. Dietary fiber In addition to age, sex, and endocrine gland activity, dietary fiber content is also important for silicon absorption. Normal silicon absorption is only about 4%. Most of the silicon absorbed in the diet … Silicon: Interactions
The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) presented below are aimed at healthy people of normal weight. They do not refer to the supply of sick and convalescent people. Individual requirements may therefore be higher than the DGE intake recommendations (e.g., due to dietary habits, consumption of stimulants, long-term medication, … Manganese: Supply
Molybdenum a chemical element with the element symbol Mo and atomic number 42. In the periodic table it is in the 5th period and 6th subgroup (group VI B) or chromium group. Of all the elements of the 5th period, molybdenum has the highest melting point. Molybdenum, which is silver-colored in its pure form, is … Molybdenum: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution
Molybdenum is known to be a cofactor for three enzymes: Xanthine oxidase supports the hydroxylation reaction of nucleotides – precursors of DNA (genetic information) and RNA (transmits genetic information for protein formation) – and uric acid formation – uric acid is a highly potent water-soluble antioxidant. Xanthine dehyde oxidase plays an important role in the … Molybdenum: Functions
