The European food safety authority (EFSA) last evaluated vitamins and minerals for safety in 2006 and set a so-called Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for each micronutrient, provided sufficient data were available. This UL reflects the maximum safe level of a micronutrient that will not cause adverse effects when taken daily from all sources for … Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6): Safety Assessment
In the National Nutrition Survey II (NVS II, 2008), the dietary behavior of the population was investigated for Germany and it was shown how this affects the average daily nutrient intake with macro- and micronutrients (vital substances). The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) are used as the basis for … Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6): Supply Situation
Risk groups for nicotinamide deficiency include individuals with: Chronic alcoholism Chronic diarrhea (Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis) Liver cirrhosis Carcinoid syndrome (increased consumption of tryptophan for serotonin synthesis). Hartnup disease (intestinal and tubular absorption disorder of neutral amino acids). Taking medications, such as certain analgesics, antidiabetics, psychotropic drugs, antiepileptic drugs, tuberculostatics, immunosuppressants, cytostatics. Pregnant women, from … Niacin (Vitamin B3): Risk Groups
The European food safety authority (EFSA) last evaluated vitamins and minerals for safety in 2006 and set a so-called Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for each micronutrient, provided sufficient data were available. This UL reflects the safe maximum amount of a micronutrient that will not cause any side effects when taken daily from all sources … Niacin (Vitamin B3): Safety Assessment
In the National Nutrition Survey II (NVS II, 2008), the dietary behavior of the population was investigated for Germany and it was shown how this affects the average daily nutrient intake with macro- and micronutrients (vital substances). The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) are used as the basis for … Niacin (Vitamin B3): Supply Situation
The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) presented below are aimed at healthy people of normal weight. They do not refer to the supply of sick and convalescent people. Individual requirements may therefore be higher than the DGE recommendations (e.g. due to diet, consumption of stimulants, long-term medication, etc.). Furthermore, … Niacin (Vitamin B3): Intake
Pantothenic acid – vitamin B5 – was first discovered as an essential growth factor of yeasts, and later as a growth factor for lactic acid bacteria, chicks, and rats. Because of this ubiquitous occurrence, the substance was given the name pantothenic acid. The term “pantothene” comes from the Greek – pantos = everywhere. Pantothenic acid … Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5): Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution
Intermediary metabolism Pantothenic acid, in the form of coenzyme A, is involved in manifold reactions in intermediary metabolism. This includes energy, carbohydrate, fat, and amino acid metabolism. It is characterized by the metabolic pathways occurring at the interfaces of anabolic and catabolic metabolism. anabolic – building up – processes include the enzymatic synthesis of large-molecule … Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5): Functions
Interaction of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) with other micronutrients (vital substances): Vitamin B1 and riboflavin The serum concentration of pantothenic acid as well as its excretion via the kidney is increased by vitamin B1 (thiamine) and riboflavin (vitamin B2), whereas vitamin C and vitamin A have no effect on the serum level of pantothenic acid … Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5): Interactions
The United Kingdom Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (EVM) last evaluated vitamins and minerals for safety in 2003 and set a so-called Safe Upper Level (SUL) or Guidance Level for each micronutrient, provided sufficient data were available. This SUL or Guidance Level reflects the safe maximum amount of a micronutrient that will not cause … Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5): Safety Assessment
The most common symptoms of niacin deficiency involve the skin, digestive system, and nervous system. The symptoms are described by the 3-D symptomatology: Dermatitis* Diarrhea Dementia and eventually death * In the skin develops a symmetrical highly pigmented and scaly rash in areas exposed to sunlight. The word “pellagra” comes from the Italian term for … Niacin (Vitamin B3): Deficiency Symptoms
In the early stages of folic acid deficiency, physical symptoms are absent, but an increase in serum homocysteine levels in the blood may already be evident. Folic acid deficiency affects rapidly dividing cells in particular. Therefore, deficiency symptoms appear especially in the blood picture, because blood cells are formed from rapidly dividing cells of the … Folic Acid (Folate): Symptoms of Deficiency
