Cofactor in carboxylation reactions Vitamin K plays an essential role as a cofactor in the conversion of coagulation proteins into their coagulant forms. In this process, vitamin K is involved in the carboxylation-reaction to introduce a carboxyl group into an organic compound-of specific glutamic acid residues of vitamin K-dependent proteins to form gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) … Vitamin K: Functions
Interactions of vitamin K with other micronutrients (vital substances): Vitamin A and vitamin E High doses of vitamin A and vitamin E affect vitamin K metabolism. In this regard, sufficient vitamin A interferes with vitamin K absorption, whereas a form of vitamin E (tocopherol quinones) inhibits the vitamin K-dependent carboylase enzyme.
At-risk groups for vitamin D deficiency include individuals with Maldigestion and malabsorption, for example, due to chronic intestinal disease. Liver cirrhosis Renal failure Taking antiepileptic drugs as well as barbiturates. Insufficient UV-B exposure (winter months, people who are bedridden for long periods of time or spend little time outdoors or have a lack of sunlight … Vitamin D: Risk Groups
In 2012, the European food safety authority (EFSA) evaluated vitamin D for safety and set a so-called Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). This UL was confirmed by EFSA in 2018 in a summary table. The UL reflects the safe maximum amount of a micronutrient (vital substance) that does not cause any side effects when taken … Vitamin D: Safety Assessment
In the National Nutrition Survey II (NVS II, 2008), the dietary behavior of the population was investigated for Germany and it was shown how this affects the average daily nutrient intake with macro- and micronutrients (vital substances). The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) are used as the basis for … Vitamin D: Supply Situation
The intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) presented below are aimed at healthy people of normal weight. They do not refer to the supply of sick and convalescent people. Individual requirements may therefore be higher than the intake recommendations of the DGE (e.g. due to diet, consumption of stimulants, long-term … Vitamin D: Intake
Vitamin E is the name given to all natural and synthetic tocol and tocotrienol derivatives (derivatives) that have the biological activity of alpha-tocopherol. Alpha-tocopherol or its stereoisomer RRR-alpha-tocopherol (old name: D-alpha-tocopherol) represents the most important compound occurring in nature [2, 3, 11-13]. The term “tocopherol” is derived from the Greek word syllables tocos (birth) and … Vitamin E (Tocopherol): Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution
Antioxidant effect Alpha-tocopherol is found in all biological membranes of animal cells. As a lipid-soluble antioxidant, its major biological function is to prevent the destruction of polyunsaturated fatty acids-omega-3 fatty acids (such as alpha-linolenic acid, EPA, and DHA) and omega-6 fatty acids (such as linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid)-in tissues, cells, cell organelles, … Vitamin E: Functions
Interactions of vitamin D with other micronutrients (vital substances): Calcium Maintenance of serum calcium levels in the blood – within a narrow blood level – is vital for the nervous system, bone growth, and maintenance of bone density. Vitamin D is responsible for efficient use of calcium in this process. Parathyroid receptors measure serum calcium … Vitamin D: Interactions
In congenital disorders of vitamin D metabolism, developmental disorders of the bones already occur in utero and in the growing organism. Acquired disorders, on the other hand, lead to reduced mineralization in the already formed bone with a tendency to bending and spontaneous fractures. The classical picture of vitamin D deficiency is rickets in infants … Vitamin D: Symptoms of Deficiency
Antioxidant protection Vitamin C is an important antioxidant in the aqueous environment of our body. As a “free radical scavenger”, it particularly scavenges toxic oxygen radicals, such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals. This prevents their penetration into the lipid system and thus lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant properties of vitamin … Vitamin C: Functions
Interactions of vitamin C with other micronutrients (vital substances): Iron To favor the absorption of iron by reduction to Fe2+, 25 to 75 mg of vitamin C or more must be present in a meal. Possibly, vitamin C further increases the stability of intracellular ferritin. As a result, phagocytosis of ferritin into lysosomes, and thus … Vitamin C: Interactions
