Narcotics (e.g. opioids used in doping) are primarily understood to be the active substance group of morphine and its chemical relatives. These substances primarily have analgesic and euphoric effects. These two factors mean that pain arising in the musculoskeletal system can be better tolerated under maximum stress. However, the body’s own pain signals are important … Narcotic
Products Adderall is commercially available in the United States in the form of tablets and sustained-release capsules (Adderall, Adderall XR). It is not registered in many countries, but related products are available. The name is derived from the abbreviation ADD (attention deficit disorder, ADHD). Structure and properties Adderall contains a mixture of the following four … Adderall
Products Pseudoephedrine is commercially available in the form of capsules, tablets, and granules, among others. Apart from Rinoral (formerly Otrinol), these are combination products (e.g., Pretuval). Pseudoephedrine is mainly found in cold remedies. Structure and properties Pseudoephedrine (C10H15NO, Mr = 165.2 g/mol) is present in drugs as pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, a white crystalline powder or as … Pseudoephedrine
Products Camphetamine (camfetamine) is not approved as a medicine, but is illegally distributed as an intoxicant. The substance has been banned in many countries since 2012. Structure and properties Camphetamine (C14H19N, Mr = 201.3 g/mol) or -methyl-3-phenyl-norbornan-2-amine is structurally closely related to the stimulant fencamfamine. It is a methamphetamine derivative and belongs to the amphetamines. … Camphetamine
Products Fencamfamine is not commercially available as a drug in many countries. Legally, it belongs to narcotics (schedule b) and is subject to the corresponding legislation. Unlike the designer drug camphetamine, fencamfamine is not banned. Structure and properties Fencamfamine (C15H21N, Mr = 215.3 g/mol) is structurally closely related to the narcotic camphetamine. It is a … Fencamfamine
Products Finished medicines containing fenfluramine are no longer available in many countries. Ponflural is out of commerce. Fenfluramine has also been combined with phentermine (“fen-phen”). Structure and properties Fenfluramine (C12H16F3N, Mr = 231.3 g/mol) is a fluorinated amphetamine derivative and a racemate. The pure enantiomer dexfenfluramine has also been used medicinally. Effects Fenfluramine (ATC A08AA02) … Fenfluramine
Products Legally, a distinction can be made between legal intoxicants (e.g., alcohol, nicotine) and prohibited substances (e.g., many hallucinogens, some amphetamines, opioids). Some substances, such as the opioids or the benzodiazepines, are used as drugs and are legally available with a doctor’s prescription. However, their use as intoxicants is not intended and is therefore referred … Intoxicant
General information Ephedrine is used in many medicines to treat colds and asthma. There have been many cases of unintentional doping, in which the active ingredient ephedrine has been found in athletes who have actually caught a cold. Thus, ephedrine, similar to caffeine, is tolerated at a limit concentration. The limit is 10 μg/ml urine. … Ephedrine
Symptoms A heart attack manifests itself in acute and severe pain and a feeling of tightness and pressure in the chest, which may also radiate to the arms, jaw or abdomen. Other symptoms include nausea, indigestion, shortness of breath, coughing, a break of sweat, pallor, fear of death, unconsciousness and dizziness. A myocardial infarction lasts … Heart Attack Causes and Treatment
Products Aminorex was approved in many countries in 1965 and withdrawn from the market in 1972 due to adverse effects (Menocil). Structure and properties Aminorex (C9H10N2O, Mr = 162.2 g/mol) is a dihydrooxazolamine structurally related to amphetamines. Effects Aminorex has appetite suppressant properties. The effects are due to the release of catecholamines. Indications For the … Aminorex
Products Doping agents include approved drugs, legal and illegal intoxicants, experimental agents, and illegally manufactured and trafficked substances. Doping includes non-drug doping methods, such as blood doping, in addition to drugs. Effects Doping agents differ in their pharmacological activities. Stimulants, for example, stimulate and thus increase alertness and aggressiveness for competition. In contrast, beta-blockers provide … Doping in Competitive Sports
Products Modafinil is commercially available in tablet form (CH: Modasomil-100, Modafinil-Acino, DL: Vigil, USA: Provigil). It has been approved in the EU since 1992, in the US since 1998, and in many countries since 2000. Structure and properties Modafinil or 2-benzhydrylsulfinylacetamide (C15H15NO2S, Mr = 273.35 g/mol) is a racemate and exists as a white crystalline … Modafinil
