How buprenorphine works As an opioid active ingredient, buprenorphine does not occur naturally in the poppy plant like the opiates, but is chemically-pharmacologically modeled on them. Thanks to the targeted modification of the structure, opioids are more beneficial than opiates in terms of effect and side effects. Like opiates, opioids such as buprenorphine exert their … Buprenorphine: Effects and uses
Products The narcotics are a group of centrally acting drugs and substances, which are strongly regulated and controlled by the state respectively by the drug and health authorities. This is primarily to prevent abuse and to protect the population from the undesirable effects and addiction. Certain narcotics – for example, many potent hallucinogens – are … Narcotics Effects and Side Effects
Products Transdermal patches are approved as medicinal products. They offer themselves as an alternative to other modes of application such as peroral and parenteral administration. The first products were launched in the 1970s. Structure and properties Transdermal patches are flexible pharmaceutical preparations of varying sizes and thinness that contain one or more active ingredients. They … Transdermal Patches
Products Buprenorphine is commercially available as sublingual tablets, transdermal patch and injection solution, and depot injection solution (e.g., Temgesic, Transtec, Subutex, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 1979. Structure and properties Buprenorphine (C29H41NO4, Mr = 467.6 g/mol) is present in drugs as buprenorphine hydrochloride, a white crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble … Buprenorphine
Products There are no medicines containing oripavine on the market in many countries. Oripavine is classified as a narcotic and requires an aggravated prescription. Structure and properties Oripavine (C18H19NO3, Mr = 297.3 g/mol) is an opioid that is structurally closely related to thebaine (3-demethylthebaine). Oripavine is an alkaloid and a natural constituent of several poppy … Oripavin
Background The human organism has several mechanisms to metabolize endogenous and foreign substances. One of these mechanisms is glucuronidation, which occurs primarily in the liver. In this process, enzymes from the superfamily of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) transfer a molecule of glucuronic acid from UDP-glucuronic acid to the substrate. Using acetaminophen as an example, alcohols, phenols, carboxylic … Meulengracht’s Disease
Background Opioids have been used as painkillers for thousands of years. Initially in the form of opium, the dried milky sap of the opium poppy L. (Papaveraceae). In the early 19th century, the pure opium alkaloid morphine was isolated for the first time and later administered with the newly invented hypodermic needle. In the 20th … Opioids: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Symptoms Drug therapy with opioids for pain, cough, or diarrhea often results in constipation as an adverse effect. Triggers include, for example, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, tramadol, fentanyl, or buprenorphine. Constipation limits quality of life and can lead to accompanying symptoms and complications such as nausea, vomiting, bloating, abdominal cramps, hemorrhoids, and bowel obstruction. Laxative abuse … Opioids and Constipation
Products Naloxone is commercially available as a solution for injection (Naloxone OrPha, Naloxone Actavis) and has been approved in many countries since 2004. Information on combination with oxycodone is presented under the article Oxycodone and Naloxone (Targin, Peroral). As a fixed combination with buprenorphine, naloxone is used to treat opioid dependence (Suboxone, sublingual). In 2014, … Naloxone
