Products Chewing gums with active pharmaceutical ingredients are available in pharmacies and drugstores. In many countries, only a few pharmaceuticals are approved as chewing gums. Most belong to other product categories, for example, confectionery, dietary supplements, or dental care products. Structure and properties Active ingredient-containing chewing gums are solid single-dose preparations with a base mass … Chewing Gums
Products Diltiazem is commercially available in tablet and capsule form (Dilzem, generic). It has been approved in many countries since 1982. Structure and properties Diltiazem (C22H26N2O4S, Mr = 414.52 g/mol) is a benzothiazepine derivative. It is present in drugs as diltiazem hydrochloride, a white crystalline powder with a bitter taste that is readily soluble in … Diltiazem
Intestinal absorption After ingestion of a drug, the active ingredient must first be released. This process is called release (liberation), and it is a prerequisite for subsequent absorption. Absorption (formerly: resorption) is the passage of an active pharmaceutical ingredient from the digestive pulp into the bloodstream in the stomach and intestines. Absorption occurs primarily in … Absorption
Products Entacapone was commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Comtan). It was approved in many countries since 1999. In 2017, distribution was discontinued. A fixed combination with levodopa and carbidopa has also been available since 2004 (Stalevo). Generic versions of the combination drug were approved in 2014. Structure and properties Entacapone (C14H15N3O5, Mr … Entacapon
Products Many drugs are available in the form of suppositories. The most commonly administered in the office are acetaminophen suppositories for the treatment of fever and pain in infants and children (photo, click to enlarge). Definition Suppositories are single-dose medicinal preparations with a solid consistency. They usually have an elongated, torpedo-like shape and a smooth … Suppositories (Suppositories)
Products Dextromethorphan is available in the form of tablets, lozenges, sustained-release capsules, syrup, and drops, among others (in many countries, for example, Bexin, Calmerphan, Calmesin, Pulmofor, combination preparations). The first drugs came on the market in the 1950s. Structure and properties Dextromethorphan (C18H25NO, Mr = 271.4 g/mol) was developed as an analog of codeine and … Dextromethorphan
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. When we take a tablet, we are usually interested in its immediate effects. The drug is supposed to relieve a headache or reduce symptoms of a cold. At the same time, we may think about the possible side effects it may trigger. The desired and undesired effects that a drug exerts on … ADME
Products Pethidine is commercially available as a solution for injection. It has been approved in many countries since 1947. The drug is subject to strict control as a narcotic and is available only by prescription. Structure and properties Pethidine (C15H21NO2, Mr = 247.3 g/mol) is a phenylpiperidine derivative. In pharmaceuticals, it is present as pethidine … Pethidine
Definition and mechanisms A pharmacokinetic booster is an agent that improves the pharmacokinetic properties of another agent. It is a desirable drug interaction It can exert its effects at different levels (ADME): Absorption (uptake into the body). Distribution (distribution) Metabolism and first-pass metabolism (metabolization). Elimination (excretion) Pharmacokinetic enhancers can increase absorption, increase distribution to an … Pharmacokinetic Booster
Products Transdermal patches are approved as medicinal products. They offer themselves as an alternative to other modes of application such as peroral and parenteral administration. The first products were launched in the 1970s. Structure and properties Transdermal patches are flexible pharmaceutical preparations of varying sizes and thinness that contain one or more active ingredients. They … Transdermal Patches
Products Various veterinary drugs containing praziquantel are on the market in many countries. In contrast, no human drugs are registered. Human drugs are also available in Germany, the United States, and other countries, such as Biltricide film-coated tablets. Structure and properties Praziquantel (C19H24N2O2, Mr = 312.4 g/mol) is a racemate. It exists as a white … Praziquantel
The effect of the first liver passage For a perorally administered pharmaceutical agent to exert its effects at the site of action, it usually must enter the systemic circulation. To do so, it must pass through the intestinal wall, the liver, and part of the circulatory system. Despite complete absorption in the intestine, the bioavailability … First-Pass Metabolism
