Products Glucagon is commercially available as an injectable (GlucaGen). It has been approved in many countries since 1965. It is available to patients as a powder and solvent for preparing a solution for injection in a prefilled syringe. The drug is stored in a cool place in the pharmacy until dispensed. Patients can store it … Glucagon (Syringe)
Products Glucagon nasal applicator was approved in the US and EU in 2019 and in many countries in 2020 (Baqsimi, single dose). Glucagon is present in the drug product as a powder for nasal administration. The applicator is stored at room temperature not above 30°C. Structure and properties Glucagon (C153H225N43O49S, Mr = 3483 g/mol) is … Glucagon Nasal Spray
Products Glucose is found in numerous medicines, medical devices, in dietary supplements, and in countless natural and processed foods (e.g., bread, pasta, candy, potatoes, rice, fruits). As a pure substance, it is available as a pharmacopoeia-grade powder in pharmacies and drugstores. Structure and properties D-glucose (C6H12O6, Mr = 180.16 g/mol) is a carbohydrate belonging to … Glucose
Formation of mineral corticoids: Among the hormones synthesized in the zona glomerulosa are aldosterone and corticosterone. The output for the production of these hormones is cholesterol via pregnenolone and progesterone. Through further enzymatic changes (hydroxylation, oxidation) the mineral corticosteroids are finally produced. The corticosterone formed is converted to aldosterone. The receptor is located intracellularly, there … Mineral Corticoids
Introduction Endorphins (endomorphins) are neuropeptides, i.e. proteins produced by nerve cells. The name “endorphin” means “endogenous morphine“, which means the body’s own morphines (painkillers). There are three different types of hormones, whereby beta-endorphins are the best studied: The following description refers to beta-endorphins. Alpha-Endorphins Beta-Endorphins Gamma-Endorphins Education The endorphins are formed in the hypothalamus and … Endorphins
Function Endorphins have analgesic (analgesic) and calming effects, making people less sensitive to stress. They promote hunger, play a part in the production of sex hormones and have a positive effect on deep and peaceful sleep. In addition, the endorphins influence vegetative processes such as body temperature or intestinal motility. A strengthening modulation of the … Function | Endorphins
Endorphins in depressions Depression is usually dependent on many different factors. The diet can play a major role. The brain needs many high-quality nutrients. If there is a lack of these, it is reflected in the typical signs such as tiredness, laziness, irritability and listlessness. In order to counteract depression, the body’s own reservoir of … Endorphins in depressions | Endorphins
Formation of calcitonin: The hormone of the thyroid gland calcitonin consists of protein and is therefore a peptide hormone. In contrast to T3 – T4 hormone, this hormone is produced in the C-cells of the thyroid (parafollicular cells). The effect of this hormone unfolds on the bones, in which the bone-destroying cells (osteoclasts) are inhibited. … Calcitonin
Field of application Calcitonin is still used today in patients suffering from Paget’s disease (a disease of the skeletal system with increased and disorganized bone remodeling) who do not respond to other treatment options or for whom treatment alternatives are not suitable. One reason why other treatment would not be appropriate would be, for example, … Field of application | Calcitonin
Side effects The most frequent side effect of the administration of Calcitonin is a sudden reddening of the face. This is also known as “flush”. Other frequently occurring adverse drug reactions are a tingling sensation or a feeling of warmth in the extremities. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea can force a discontinuation of therapy. Hives (urticaria) … Side effects | Calcitonin
Formation of calcitriol: The steroid-like hormone calcitriol is formed from the precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol, which in turn is formed from cholesterol. The hormone passes through several stages in the course of its synthesis: First the skin under the influence of UV light, then the liver and finally the kidney. Calciol (cholecalciferol) is formed in the skin, … Calcitriol
Hormones produced in the kidney include Calcitriol and Erythropoietin This glycoprotein hormone as a hormone of the kidney is produced in the kidney and to a small extent in the liver and brain in about 90% of adults. In the kidney, cells of the blood vessels (capillaries, endothelial cells) are responsible for production. They begin … Kidney hormones
