Hypertrophy of the turbinates The nasal conchae (Conchae nasales) are located inside the nose, where the nose no longer consists of cartilage but of bone. There are three nasal conchae on each side: one upper, one middle and one lower. The nasal conchae are small bone ridges covered with mucous membrane. The nasal conchae increase … Hypertrophy of the turbinates | Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy of facet joints Each vertebral body has two upward and two downward oriented joint surfaces, which are called facet joints (Facies articularis superior and inferior). The facet joints connect the individual vertebral bodies with each other and thus enable the mobility of the spine. The shape and alignment of the facet joints are the … Hypertrophy of facet joints | Hypertrophy
Definition The term hypertrophy is composed of the ancient Greek words “hyper” (excessive) and “trophein” (to feed). In medicine, hypertrophy refers to the enlargement of an organ because the individual cells of the organ increase in size. Thus, in hypertrophy, the individual cells of the organ are enlarged, but the number of cells remains the … Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy of the heart The heart ensures that blood is pumped through the body and consists of heart muscle cells. Hypertrophy of the heart means that the individual heart muscle cells grow, but their number remains unchanged. This can be caused by various diseases of the heart, the most important being valvular defects, high blood … Hypertrophy of the heart | Hypertrophy
Definition The cardiac output per minute (HMV) is defined as the volume of blood pumped per minute from the heart into the body’s circulation. Alternatively, the term body time volume is also used, but the term cardiac output per minute is more common. The cardiac output per minute is used as a measure of the … Cardiac output per minute
Standard values of the cardiac output The heart minute volume is given in the unit volume per minute, as the name suggests. In a healthy adult, the cardiac output is 3.5 – 5 liters per minute. The values vary depending on individual circumstances and current requirements. A pregnant woman, for example, has a higher cardiac … Standard values of the cardiac output | Cardiac output per minute
Heart minute volume at rest At rest, the body’s need to be supplied with fresh blood and oxygen is lower than during exercise or sports. Overall, the heart beats more quietly at rest, the pulse is lower and the cardiac output is lower. Nevertheless, it is sufficient to supply the body with sufficient blood and … Heart minute volume at rest | Cardiac output per minute
