Background Potassium ions play an important role in many biological processes, particularly in the generation of membrane and action potentials and electrical conduction in nerve cells and the heart. Potassium is 98% localized intracellularly. The primary active transporter Na+/K+-ATPase provides transport into cells. Two hormones maintain the deep extracellular potassium concentration. The first is insulin, … Hypokalemia (Low Potassium)
Products Diazoxide is commercially available in capsule form (Proglicem). It has been approved in many countries since 1978. Structure and properties Diazoxide (C8H7ClN2O2S, Mr = 230.7 g/mol) exists as a white powder that is practically insoluble in water. It is a benzothiadiazine derivative and structurally related to the thiazides, but is not diuretic. Effects Diazoxide … Diazoxide
Definition and examples The duration of therapy or treatment defines the period of time during which a drug is administered preventively or therapeutically. The shortest duration of therapy occurs with a single dose. This involves a single administration of a drug without repetition. An example of this is the antifungal drug fluconazole for the treatment … Duration of Therapy
Products Sitagliptin is commercially available in film-coated tablet form as a monopreparation (Januvia) and as a fixed combination with metformin (Janumet, Janumet XR). It was approved in many countries in 2007 as the first representative of the gliptins. The combination with simvastatin is not yet registered in many countries (Juvisync). Generics were approved in 2018. … Sitagliptin
Products Linagliptin has been registered as a film-coated tablet in the United States and EU since 2011 and in many countries since 2012 (Trajenta). It went on sale in many countries on May 1, 2012. Linagliptin is also combined fixed with metformin as well as with empagliflozin. Trijardy XR is a fixed combination of empagliflozin, … Linagliptin
Products Epinephrine prefilled syringes (autoinjectors) are commercially available in many countries from various suppliers. The EpiPen has been approved since 1997 and Jext since 2010. Such syringes were originally developed for the army for the administration of antidotes to chemical weapons (e.g., ComboPen in many countries). Structure and properties Epinephrine (C9H13NO3, Mr = 183.2 g/mol) … Epinephrine Prefilled Syringe (Auto-Injector)
Products In 2012, dapagliflozin (Forxiga) was approved in the EU as the first agent in the new group of SGLT2 inhibitors. Several drugs are now on the market worldwide (see below). Structure and properties The SGLT2 inhibitors are derived from phlorizin, a -glucoside and natural substance first isolated from apple tree bark in 1835. Phlorizin … SGLT2 Inhibitor
