Spondylolisthesis causes
In a healthy spine, this forms a uniform S-curve (physiological lordosis and kyphosis). The individual vertebral bodies sit firmly one on top of the other and are attached and reinforced by joints, ligaments and muscles. Spondylolisthesis is the slippage of one or more vertebrae of the spine. In most cases, the vertebrae shift forwards, but … Spondylolisthesis causes