Elimination at the kidney The kidneys, along with the liver, play a central role in the elimination of pharmaceutical agents. They can be filtered at the glomerulus of the nephron, actively secreted at the proximal tubule, and reabsorbed at various tubular segments. In renal insufficiency, these processes are impaired. This may result in a renally … Dose Adjustment in Renal Insufficiency
Symptoms Symptoms of altitude sickness are nonspecific and usually appear 6-10 hours after ascent. However, they can also occur after as little as one hour: Headache Dizziness Sleep disorders Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Fatigue and tiredness Rapid heartbeat Accelerated breathing, shortness of breath Severe symptoms: Cough Shortness of breath even at rest Tightness … Altitude Sickness
Gentle healing methods with plant-based medicines, so-called “phytopharmaceuticals“, were already used 6,000 BC. Whether in China, Persia or Egypt, among the Incas, Greeks or Romans – all great world empires cultivated medicinal plants for medical purposes. The knowledge of their effects was and is passed down orally or in writings and constantly expanded by new … History of Herbal Medicine
Products Medicinal products containing preparations of opium, such as the opium tincture or an opium extract, are used less frequently. In contrast, the pure alkaloids such as morphine and codeine and related opioids are very commonly used medicinally, especially in pain management. Opium and the opioids are subject to narcotics laws. Stem plant The opium … Opium Poppy
Products Nalbuphine is commercially available as a solution for injection (Nalbuphine OrPha). It has been approved in many countries since 2004. Structure and properties Nalbuphine (C21H27NO4, Mr = 357.4 g/mol) is a morphine derivative structurally related to naloxone and oxymorphone. It is present in drugs as nalbuphine hydrochloride. Effects Nalbuphine (ATC N02AF02) has analgesic properties. … Nalbuphin
Under drugs, most people understand intoxicants such as hashish, opium or heroin. However, daily stimulants such as coffee and tea, alcohol and nicotine also fall under the category of drugs. In fact, the consequences of drug use are a wide range, from mild stimulation of the mind to complete destruction of the mind and body. … Drugs: Effects, Uses & Risks
Products Nicomorphine was commercially available in the form of tablets, suppositories, and as a solution for injection (Vilan). It had been approved in many countries since 1957. It was discontinued in 2015. Structure and properties Nicomorphine (C29H25N3O5, Mr = 495.5 g/mol), like heroin, is an ester as well as a nicotinic acid derivative of morphine … Nicomorphine
Narcotics (e.g. opioids used in doping) are primarily understood to be the active substance group of morphine and its chemical relatives. These substances primarily have analgesic and euphoric effects. These two factors mean that pain arising in the musculoskeletal system can be better tolerated under maximum stress. However, the body’s own pain signals are important … Narcotic
morphine Morphine Tramadol Piritramid Codeine Fentanyl Buprenorphine Pentazocin Opioids can be supplied in a variety of ways. As tablets (peroral), intravenously (i.e. injected into a vein), as suppositories (rectal), as patches (transdermal) or as drops. Opioids/morphine have great potential for dependence. This potential is stronger or weaker depending on the type of intake and the … Morphine
Phytopharmaceuticals – herbal medicinal products. The term phytopharmaceuticals (singular phytopharmacon) is derived from the Greek terms for plant and for drug. In very general terms, then, it refers to herbal medicines. This refers, for example, to dried plant parts, also called medicinal drugs, such as leaves, flowers, barks or roots. These are often prepared as … Phytopharmaceuticals
Products Uprima sublingual tablets (2 mg, 3 mg) for erectile dysfunction are no longer marketed in many countries. The marketing authorization was not renewed by Abbott AG in 2006. Commercial reasons were cited, probably attributed to competition from phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil, Viagra). It is also possible that a post-marketing study had played a role, … Apomorphine
Products Legally, a distinction can be made between legal intoxicants (e.g., alcohol, nicotine) and prohibited substances (e.g., many hallucinogens, some amphetamines, opioids). Some substances, such as the opioids or the benzodiazepines, are used as drugs and are legally available with a doctor’s prescription. However, their use as intoxicants is not intended and is therefore referred … Intoxicant
