Products Oxygen is commercially available in the form of compressed gas cylinders (oxygen cylinders) with a white color as a compressed gas. In many countries, it is available from PanGas, for example. Structure and properties Oxygen (symbol: O, elemental: O2, atomic number: 8, atomic mass: 15,999) is present as dioxygen (O2, O=O) as a colorless, … Oxygen
Products The fresh or dried shiitake is available in grocery stores and specialty stores. It is one of the most widely consumed edible mushrooms in the world after the cultivated mushroom. Mushroom The shiitake mushroom is native to East Asia and has been cultivated for centuries – including in many countries today. In nature, it … Shiitake
Products Carmustine is commercially available in many countries as a powder and solvent for the preparation of an infusion solution (BiCNU). An implant is also available in some countries (Gliadel). Structure and properties Carmustine (C5H9Cl2N3O2, Mr = 214.0 g/mol) belongs to the nitrosoureas. It exists as a yellowish, granular powder that is very sparingly soluble … Carmustine
Most common mechanism of action Most drugs bind to a macromolecular target structure called a drug target. These are usually proteins such as receptors, transporters, channels, and enzymes, or nucleic acids. For example, opioids interact with endogenous opioid receptors to relieve pain. Targets can also be exogenous structures. Penicillins inhibit bacterial enzymes responsible for building … Mechanism of Action
Products Polysorbate 80 is present in many drugs as an excipient. These include tablets, injectables (e.g., amiodarone), biologics (therapeutic proteins, vaccines), and solutions. It is also used in personal care products and in foods. Structure and properties Polysorbate 80 is a mixture of partial esters of fatty acids, mainly oleic acid, with sorbitol and its … Polysorbate 80
Structure and properties Lipids are characterized by being soluble in organic (apolar) solvents and generally sparingly soluble or insoluble in water. They have lipophilic (fat-loving, water-repellent) properties. Lipids also exist, with polar structural elements such as the phospholipids or ionized fatty acids. They are called amphiphilic and can form lipid bilayers, liposomes and micelles. For … Lipids
Products Polysaccharides are present as excipients and active ingredients in numerous pharmaceuticals. They play a fundamental role in foods for nutrition. Polysaccharides are also known as glycans (glycans). Structure and properties Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrates composed of hundreds to thousands of sugar units (monosaccharides). As few as 11 monosaccharides are referred to as polysaccharides. They … Polysaccharides
Introduction Elimination is a pharmacokinetic process that describes the irreversible removal of active pharmaceutical ingredients from the body. It is composed of biotransformation (metabolism) and excretion (elimination). The most important organs for excretion are the kidney and the liver. However, drugs can also be excreted through the respiratory tract, hair, saliva, milk, tears, and sweat. … Elimination
Products Direct antiviralia are commercially available as drugs in the form of tablets, capsules, solutions, and creams, among others. The first antiviral agent was approved in the 1960s (idoxuridine). Structure and properties Antivirala are a large group of drugs and have no uniform chemical structure. However, groups can be formed, such as the nucleoside analogs. … Antiviralia
Products Dried chickpeas are available in, for example, grocery stores and specialty stores. Various other products such as chickpea flour, snacks and pre-cooked chickpeas are on sale. Stem plant The annual chickpea belongs to the legume family (Fabaceae). It has been cultivated for thousands of years. Today, India is by far the largest producer. Plant … Chickpeas
Products Emulsifiers are available as pure substances, for example, in pharmacies and drugstores. They are found in numerous pharmaceuticals, cosmetics (personal care products), medical devices and foods. Structure and properties Emulsifiers are amphiphilic, meaning they have both a hydrophilic and lipophilic structural character. This allows them to mediate between the water and fat phases. Emulsifiers … Emulsifiers
Products mRNA vaccines are commercially available as injectables. The first in this group to be approved in many countries was BNT162b2 from BioNTech and Pfizer on December 19, 2020. Moderna’s mRNA-1273 is also an mRNA vaccine. It was released in the EU on January 6, 2021. Both are covid-19 vaccines. Structure and properties mRNA (short … MRNA Vaccines
