protozoa

Sulfonamides

Effect Antibacterial Bakeriostatic Antiparasitic against protozoa Mechanism of action Sulfonamides inhibit the synthesis of folic acid in microorganisms. They are structural analogues (antimetabolites) of the natural substrate p-aminobenzoic acid and competitively displace it. Trimethoprim, used in combination with sulfamethoxazole, has a synergistic effect. Indications Bacterial infectious diseases caused by: Streptococcus Pneumococcus Actinomycetes Nocardia, e.g. nocaridosis … Sulfonamides

Antihelminthics (Vermifuge)

Indications Antihelminthics are used to treat worm infections and, in some cases, protozoa. Active ingredients Imidazoles / benzimidazoles: Mebendazole (Vermox). Pyrantel (Cobantril) Other: Pyrvinium (Pyrcon, Molevac, Germany). Albendazole (Zentel) Aminoglycosides: Paromomycin (Humatin) Other: Ivermectin (Stromectol, import from France, in many countries not in the approved and not on sale). Niclosamide (not commercially available in many … Antihelminthics (Vermifuge)

Antiprotozoal Agent

Indications Infections with protozoa Agents 1. agents for amebiasis, trichomoniasis, and giardiasis: nitroimidazoles: Metronidazole (Flagyl, generic). Tinidazole (Fasigyn, off label). Ornidazole (Tiberal) Other: Atovaquone (Wellvone) Other, not commercially available in this indication: Clioquinol Chlorquinaldol Emetine 2. antimalarials: See under antimalarials 3. agents against leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis: Pentamidine isethionate (pentacarinate). Eflornithine (Vaniqa, not commercially available for … Antiprotozoal Agent

Miltefosine

Products Miltefosine is commercially available as an oral solution (milteforan). It is approved exclusively as a veterinary drug in many countries and has been since 2010. In other countries, miltefosine is also used for human use. In Germany, for example, it is available in capsule form (Impavido) for the treatment of leishmaniasis in humans and … Miltefosine

Traveler’s Diarrhea

Symptoms Traveler’s diarrhea is usually defined as a diarrheal illness that occurs in travelers from industrialized countries during or after a visit to a high-risk area, such as Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, or Asia. It is the most common travel illness, affecting 20% to 60% of travelers. Depending on the pathogen and severity, … Traveler’s Diarrhea

Protozoa: Infection, Transmission & Diseases

Protozoa are single-celled organisms. Protozoan infections can be very dangerous to humans. What are protozoa? Protozoa are a group of eukaryotic organisms. Eukaryotes, unlike prokaryotes, are living organisms that have a nucleus. Together with the fungi and the algae, the protozoa form the protist group. The protozoa are assigned to the animal kingdom, whereas algae … Protozoa: Infection, Transmission & Diseases

Clont®

Introduction Clont® is the trade name for the antibiotic metronidazole. Mode of action Like any antibiotic, it damages certain bacteria. The effect of Clont® depends on the absence of oxygen: it can only have a damaging effect on the DNA of cells if there is no oxygen in the environment. Therefore, it only works on … Clont®

Pyrimethamine

Products Pyrimethamine is commercially available in tablet form (Daraprim). The combination Fansidar (+ sulfadoxine) is off the market (malaria). Structure and properties Pyrimethamine (C12H13ClN4, Mr = 248.7 g/mol) is a diaminopyrimidine. It exists as a white crystalline powder or as colorless crystals and is practically insoluble in water. Effects Pyrimethamine (ATC P01BD01) has antiparasitic properties. … Pyrimethamine

Atovaquon

Products Atovaquone is commercially available in suspension and film-coated tablet form (Wellvone, Malarone + Proguanil, generics). It has been approved in many countries since 1996. Structure and properties Atovaquone (C22H19ClO3, Mr = 366.8 g/mol) is a hydroxynaphtoquinone derivative and has structural similarities to ubiquinone. It is lipophilic and exists as a yellow crystalline powder that … Atovaquon

Trypanosomiasis

Symptoms Possible symptoms of African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) in the first stage include: Nodule or ulcer on the skin at the bite site (trypanosome chancre). Feeling sick, fatigue, weight loss. Fever with chills Headache, joint pain Skin rash Swollen lymph nodes Organ diseases (eg, heart, liver, spleen). In the first stage, trypanosomes are in the … Trypanosomiasis