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Coenzyme Q10: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10; synonym: ubiquinone) is a vitaminoid (vitamin-like substance) discovered in 1957 at the University of Wisconsin. The elucidation of its chemical structure was carried out one year later by the working group led by the natural products chemist Prof. K. Folkers. Coenzymes Q are compounds of oxygen (O2), hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) … Coenzyme Q10: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution

Coenzyme Q10: Functions

Two-time Nobel laureate Prof. Dr. Linus Pauling called coenzyme Q10 one of the greatest enrichments among natural substances that can promote human health. Numerous studies not only prove the positive effects of Q10 in the therapy of various diseases, such as tumor diseases, heart failure (cardiac insufficiency), myocardial infarction (heart attack), hypertension (high blood pressure) … Coenzyme Q10: Functions

Coenzyme Q10: Food

Intake recommendations of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) are not yet available for coenzyme Q10. Coenzyme Q10 content – given in mg -. per 100 g food Vegetables and salads Milk, dairy products, egg Meat Onion 0,1 Cheese general max. 0.4 Pig- 3,2 Potato 0,1 Butter 0,6 meat Cauliflower 0,14 Beef 3,3 White cabbage 0,16 … Coenzyme Q10: Food

Glucosamine Sulfate: Functions

The following physiological processes are influenced by glucosamine sulfateStimulation of anabolic, cartilage-protective effects (= chondroprotectants/cartilage-protective substances): Main substrate for collagen synthesis and for the formation of glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, respectively, in the extracellular matrix (extracellular matrix, intercellular substance, ECM, ECM) of cartilage tissue. Increase the incorporation of proline and sulfate in the cartilage matrix. Increase … Glucosamine Sulfate: Functions

Phosphatidyl Serine: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport and Distribution

Phosphatidyl serine (PS) is a naturally occurring phospholipid whose phosphoric acid residue is esterified with the amino acid serine. Metabolism PS, like phosphatidylcholine, can be synthesized endogenously in sufficient amounts. However, if there is a deficit of the amino acid methionine, vitamin B9 (folic acid), vitamin B12 (cobalamin), or essential fatty acids, sufficient phosphatidylserine cannot … Phosphatidyl Serine: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport and Distribution

Phosphatidyl Serine: Functions

The following functions are known: Component of cell membranes – phosphatidylserine is found exclusively in the inner membrane layer – cytoplasmic side – interacts closely with intracellular proteins – PS is particularly important for the activation of protein kinase C, which is important for the phosphorylation of other proteins Regulation of neurotransmitter release and involvement … Phosphatidyl Serine: Functions

Choline: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution

Choline was discovered in 1864 by the German chemist Adolph Friedrich Ludwig Strecker.It is an essential nutrient, i.e., necessary for life.It belongs to the quaternary amines (2-hydroxyethyl-N, N, N-trimethylammonium) and is present in the diet in free and esterified forms. Choline can be synthesized by the human organism itself, but in many cases the amount … Choline: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution

Chondroitin Sulfate: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is classified as a member of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, which are carbohydrate side chains that are essential components of proteoglycans. All glycosaminoglycans consist of 1,4-glycosidically linked disaccharide units. In the case of chondroitins, sulfuric acid is regularly attached to oxygen or nitrogen atoms, so that they usually react … Chondroitin Sulfate: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution

Glucosamine Sulfate: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution

Glucosamine sulfate (GS) is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) and belongs to the carbohydrates. It is a derivative (descendant) of D-glucose (dextrose), from which GS differs only in the substitution (replacement) of the hydroxy (OH) group on the second carbon (C) atom by an amino (NH2) group – amino sugar, D-glucosamine – and in the presence … Glucosamine Sulfate: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution

Vitamin K: Symptoms of Deficiency

Vitamin K deficiency is mainly due to Chronic gastrointestinal diseases, for example, deficient absorption in Crohn’s disease, decreased utilization in liver cirrhosis and cholestasis, transport disturbances due to, for example, lymphatic drainage disorders or insufficient carrier protein (VLDL). Interactions with drugs especially is blocked by prolonged use of antibiotics (for example, ampicillin, cephalosporins or tetracyclines) … Vitamin K: Symptoms of Deficiency