Products Stimulants are commercially available as drugs, narcotics, dietary supplements, and foods. Dosage forms include tablets, capsules, and solutions. Structure and properties Stimulants do not have a uniform chemical structure, but groups can be identified. Many, for example the amphetamines, are derived from the natural catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine. Effects The active ingredients … Stimulants
Structure and properties Solutions are liquid preparations for oral use in which one or more active ingredients together with the excipients are dissolved in water or another suitable liquid (e.g., fatty oils, triglycerides). Oral solutions can also be freshly prepared from a powder or granules by adding the solvent (example: macrogols). Excipients include solubilizers (e.g., … Solutions
Products Undecylenic acid is commercially available in many countries as an ointment (Undex, combination preparation). Solutions and creams are also available in some countries. Undecylenic acid has been used medicinally for many decades. Undex ointment has been approved in many countries since 1951. Structure and properties Undecylenic acid (C11H20O2, Mr = 184.3 g/mol) exists as … Undecylenic Acid
Products Psychotropic drugs are commercially available, for example, in the form of tablets, melting tablets, dragées, capsules, drops, solutions and as injectables. The first psychotropic drugs were developed in the 1950s. Structure and properties Psychotropic drugs vary chemically, but groups with a common structure can be identified, for example, the benzodiazepines, the phenothiazines, and the … Psychotropic Drugs: Types, Effects, Indications, Dosage
Products Flunitrazepam is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Rohypnol). It has been approved in many countries since 1975. Structure and properties Flunitrazepam (C16H12FN3O3, Mr = 313.3 g/mol) is a lipophilic, fluorinated and nitrated 1,4-benzodiazepine. It exists as a white to yellowish crystalline powder that is practically insoluble in water. Effects Flunitrazepam (ATC … Flunitrazepam
Products Phenolphthalein has been included in many laxatives in the past, for example in Reguletts tablets (100 mg) in many countries. Sales of the last drug containing phenolphthalein (Paragar Emulsion) will be discontinued in many countries in 2018. Structure and properties Phenolphthalein (C20H14O4, Mr = 318.3 g/mol) exists as a white powder that is practically … Phenolphthalein
Products Pure sodium citrate is available in pharmacies and drugstores. It is included in various drugs as an excipient or as an active ingredient. This article refers to trisodium citrate. Structure and properties Sodium citrate (C6H5Na3O7, Mr = 258.07 g/mol) is the trisodium salt of citric acid. The pharmacopoeia defines the dihydrate. It exists as … Sodium Citrate
What does successful psychotherapy look like? Carl Rogers, an American psychologist, had spent years observing therapists and counselors in their practical work. Successful psychotherapists, he found through audio recordings, primarily listen carefully, make virtually no statements of their own, summarize in between or at the end of the conversation what they believe they have understood … Psychology of Conversation: Listening, Appreciating, Encountering
Products Parasympatholytics are commercially available, for example, in the form of tablets, capsules, solutions, as inhalation preparations, injection solutions, and eye drops. This article refers to antagonists at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Antagonists at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, such as ganglion blockers, are discussed separately. Structure and properties Many parasympatholytics are structurally derived from atropine, a natural … Parasympatholytics
Products Parasympathomimetics are commercially available in the form of tablets, capsules, solutions, transdermal patches, injectable solutions, and eye drops, among others. Structure and properties Many parasympathomimetics are structurally related to the natural ligand acetylcholine. Effects Parasympathomimetics have cholinergic (parasympathomimetic) properties. They promote the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system, a portion of the autonomic nervous … Parasympathomimetics
Products Immunosuppressants are commercially available in numerous dosage forms, for example, as creams, ointments, tablets, capsules, solutions, eye drops, and injectables. Structure and properties Within immunosuppressants, several groups can be identified. These include steroids such as the glucocorticoids, substances of microbiological origin such as ciclosporin and mycophenolate mofetil, derivatives of nucleic acids and their components … Immunosuppressants
Symptoms The possible symptoms of a stuffy nose include difficult nasal breathing, swelling of the mucous membrane, a feeling of fullness, secretions, crusting, rhinitis, itching, and sneezing. The stuffy nose often occurs at night while lying down and also triggers insomnia, sore throat and headache. Causes A stuffy nose restricts the flow of air through … Blocked Nose
