Products Acarbose is commercially available in tablet form (Glucobay). It is usually combined with other agents such as metformin, insulin, or sulfonylureas to enhance the antidiabetic effect. Acarbose has been approved in many countries since 1986. Structure and properties Acarbose (C25H43NO18, Mr = 645.60 g/mol) is a pseudotetrasaccharide obtained from the bacterium by fermentation. It … Acarbose Effects and Side Effects
Effects Sulfonylureas (ATC A10BB) have antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, and insulin secretagogue properties. Active Ingredients 1st generation: Tolbutamide, acetohexamide, tolazamide (all off-label). Chlorpropamide (Diabiformin, out of commerce). 2nd generation: Glibenclamide (Daonil, generic). Glibornuride (Glutril, off label). Glipizide (Glibenese, out of trade) Gliclazide (Diamicron /-MR, generic). 3rd generation: Glimepiride (Amaryl, generic). Cf. Diabetes mellitus type 2, glinides
Products The first agent in the GLP-1 receptor agonist group to be approved was exenatide (Byetta) in the United States in 2005 and in many countries and the EU in 2006. In the meantime, several other drugs have been registered (see below). These drugs are also known as incretin mimetics. They are commercially available as … GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Symptoms The possible acute symptoms of type 2 diabetes include: Thirst (polydipsia) and hunger (polyphagia). Increased urination (polyuria). Visual disturbances Weight loss Fatigue, exhaustion, declining performance. Poor wound healing, infectious diseases. Skin lesions, itching Acute complications: Hyperacidity (ketoacidosis), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. Untreated diabetes is far from harmless and can lead in the longer term to … Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: Causes and Treatment
Products Lixisenatide was approved as a subcutaneous solution for injection in the EU in 2012, in the United States in 2016, and in many countries in 2017 (Lyxumia). Lixisenatide is also combined with insulin glargine; see iGlarLixi (Suliqua). Structure and properties Lixisenatide is a peptide and GLP1 analog of 44 amino acids that, like exenatide, … Lixisenatide
Products Liraglutide was approved in many countries in 2009 as a solution for injection in a prefilled pen (Victoza). In 2014, a fixed-dose combination with insulin degludec was released (Xultophy); see IDegLira. In 2016, Saxenda was registered for the treatment of overweight and obesity. Its related successor, semaglutide, unlike liraglutide, only needs to be injected … Liraglutide
Products Empagliflozin is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets. It was approved in the EU, the United States, and many countries in 2014 (Jardiance). Empagliflozin is also combined fixed with metformin (Jardiance Met) as well as with linagliptin (Glyxambi). Trijardy XR is a fixed combination of empagliflozin, linagliptin, and metformin. Structure and properties … Empagliflozin
Products Metformin is commercially available in many countries in the form of film-coated tablets and has been available since 1960. In addition to the original Glucophage, numerous generics are available today. Metformin is often combined with various other antidiabetic drugs fix. It has been used medically since 1957. Other antidiabetic biguanides such as phenformin and … Metformin: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Products Repaglinide is commercially available in tablet form (NovoNorm, generic). It was approved in many countries in 1999. Structure and properties Repaglinide (C27H36N2O4, Mr = 452.6 g/mol) is a meglitinide and carbamoylmethylbenzoic acid derivative without sulfonylurea structure. It is a white, odorless powder that is practically insoluble in water due to its lipophilicity. In drugs, … Repaglinide
Products Glibenese is no longer commercially available in many countries. Numerous other sulfonylureas and antidiabetic agents are available as alternatives. Structure and properties Glipizide (C21H27N5O4S, Mr = 445.54 g/mol) is a white to almost white crystalline powder that is practically insoluble in water. Effects Glipizide (ATC A10BB07) is antidiabetic; see under sulfonylureas. Indications Type II … Glipizide
Products Gliptins are commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets. Sitagliptin (Januvia) was the first representative to be approved in the United States in 2006. Today, various active ingredients and combination products are commercially available (see below). They are also called dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Structure and properties Some gliptins have a proline-like structure because … Gliptine
Effects Glitazones are antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, and antihyperglycemic, i.e., they decrease insulin resistance. Glitazones are selective and potent agonists at nuclear PPAR-γ. They improve glycemic control by enhancing insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver. Indications Type 2 diabetes mellitus Active ingredients Pioglitazone (Actos) Rosiglitazone (Avandia, off label). Troglitazone (Rezulin, out of commerce, liver … Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones)
