Definition Accumulation refers to the accumulation of an active pharmaceutical ingredient in the organism during regular drug administration. The term comes from the Latin (to accumulate). It occurs when there is an imbalance between the intake and elimination of the active ingredient. If the dosing interval is too short, too much drug is administered. If … Cumulation
Products Lithium is commercially available in the form of tablets and sustained-release tablets (e.g., Quilonorm, Priadel, Lithiofor). Structure and properties The lithium ion (Li+) is a monovalent cation found in pharmaceuticals in the form of various salts. These include lithium citrate, lithium sulfate, lithium carbonate, and lithium acetate. For example, lithium carbonate (Li2CO3, Mr = … Lithium: Drug Effects, Side Effects, Dosage and Uses
Elimination at the kidney The kidneys, along with the liver, play a central role in the elimination of pharmaceutical agents. They can be filtered at the glomerulus of the nephron, actively secreted at the proximal tubule, and reabsorbed at various tubular segments. In renal insufficiency, these processes are impaired. This may result in a renally … Dose Adjustment in Renal Insufficiency
Products Prefilled methotrexate syringes have been approved in many countries since 2005 (Metoject, generic). They contain between 7.5 to 30 mg of active ingredient, in increments of 2.5 mg. The dose is much lower than for chemotherapy (“low-dose methotrexate“). The syringes are stored at room temperature between 15 to 25 °C and protected from light. … Methotrexate Ready-To-Use Syringe
Products Telaprevir is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (Incivo). It was approved in many countries in 2011. Structure and properties Telaprevir (C36H53N7O6, Mr = 679.8 g/mol) is a peptidomimetic and a ketoamide. It exists as a white crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water. Telaprevir is converted in the body to … Telaprevir
Products Preparations from the leaves of foxglove are rarely used medicinally today. Medicines containing the ingredient digitoxin are available in some countries. Digoxin, the pure substance extracted from foxglove, is commercially available in many countries in the form of tablets (Digoxin Sandoz). Stem plant Red foxglove, a member of the plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is native … Red Foxglove
Products Alkaloids and their derivatives are contained as active ingredients in numerous medicines. They have been used medicinally for thousands of years, such as opium with morphine or coca leaves with cocaine. In 1805, a pure alkaloid was extracted for the first time by the German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner with morphine. Structure and properties Alkaloids … Alkaloids
Products In many countries, no drugs containing warfarin are approved, and the closely related phenprocoumon (Marcoumar) is mainly used. However, warfarin is commonly used in other countries, particularly the United States, and is commercially available in tablet form (Coumadin) and other forms. It was approved in the United States in 1954. Structure and properties Warfarin … Warfarin
Products Phenprocoumon is commercially available in tablet form (Marcoumar). It has been approved in many countries since 1953. Warfarin (Coumadin) is more common in some countries. Structure and properties Phenprocoumon (C18H16O3, Mr = 280.32 g/mol) is a derivative of 4-hydroxycoumarin and a racemate. The -enantiomer is pharmacologically more active. Phenprocoumon exists as a fine, white, … Phenprocoumon
New drugs are protected Newly introduced drugs are usually protected by patent. Another company is not allowed to copy these drugs and distribute them themselves without the manufacturer’s consent. However, this protection expires after a few years. For example, the antidepressant escitalopram (Cipralex) was approved in many countries in 2001 and the patent protection was … Generic
Products Naltrexone is commercially available in the form of film-coated tablets (naltrexin). It has been approved in many countries since 2003. Structure and properties Naltrexone (C20H23NO4, Mr = 341.40 g/mol) is a synthetically produced opioid related to oxymorphone. It is present in drugs as naltrexone hydrochloride, a white, hygroscopic powder that is readily soluble in … Naltrexone
P-glycoprotein P-glycoprotein (P-gp, MDR1) is a primary active efflux transporter with a molecular weight of 170 kDa, belonging to the ABC superfamily and consisting of 1280 amino acids. P-gp is the product of the -gene (formerly: ). P is for , ABC is for . Occurrence P-glycoprotein is found on various tissues of the human … P-Glycoprotein
