Researchers published an intake level (Observed Safe Level, OSL) for coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone), which is considered safe. In addition, an Acceptable daily intake (ADI) was published. Scientists identified an OSL of 1,200 mg of ubiquinone per person daily.In addition, scientists published an ADI of 12 mg/kg daily. The ADI was determined using a No Observed … Coenzyme Q10: Safety Assessment
The European food safety authority (EFSA) published an opinion regarding the use of L-carnitine L-tartrate, a source of L-carnitine, in foods for particular nutritional uses. Taking into account gastrointestinal symptoms, clinical chemistry, included markers of liver and kidney function, EFSA agreed on the following guideline values: EFSA assumes that an intake of 3 g of … L-Carnitine: Safety Assessment
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a hormone of the pineal gland, a part of the diencephalon. It is produced by the pinealocytes in the pineal gland. Melatonin promotes sleep and controls the day-night rhythm. Synthesis Melatonin is produced from the essential amino acid tryptophan via the intermediate serotonin. Synthesis proceeds as follows: L-tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxytryptophan … Melatonin: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution
The action of melatonin at the cellular level occurs through two distinct regulatory circuits, two of which are of paramount importance. These are G protein-coupled melatonin receptor 1 (MT1) and melatonin receptor 2 (MT2), which is also G protein-coupled. MT1 influences reproduction (reproduction), metabolism (metabolism) and vasoconstriction (vasoconstriction); MT2 is required for the transmission of … Melatonin: Functions
Because melatonin is metabolized primarily by CYP1A enzymes, it may interact with drugs that are also metabolized by or inhibit CYP1A. CYP1A inhibitors include estrogens in the form of contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy (HER) or the antidepressant fluvoxamine. Simultaneous use of melatonin with CYP1A inhibitors results in melatonin excess. Nicotine abuse, in turn, reduces … Melatonin: Interactions
Choline or its derived compounds play an essential role in many physiological processes: Phospholipids, especially phosphatidyl choline (PC), are found in large quantities in all biological membranes. There, they play an important role in their structure and functions, such as the transmission of signals and the transport of substances. Metabolism and transport of lipids and … Choline: Functions
Folate Homocysteine can be remethylated to methionine in two different ways – Folate is important for one pathway and choline for the other. In the first case, homocysteine is methylated to methionine (addition of CH 3 groups) by the enzyme methionine synthase. For this process, methionine synthase requires methyl tetrafolate as a methyl group donor … Choline: Interactions
The American Institute of Medicine (IoM) established an intake of 7.5 g of choline/day as the lowest evaluated intake level that produced an adverse effect (LOAEL), and on this basis, as well as taking into account a safety factor and rounding, established a so-called Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). This UL reflects the safe maximum … Choline: Safety Assessment
In their study, Vennemann et al recorded the average choline intake of Europeans. This is between 244-373 mg/day in young adults (10-18 years), 291-468 mg/day in adults in the range (18-65 years), and 284-450 mg/day in older individuals. They compiled, based on the results of 12 European studies, an overview of total choline intake in … Choline: Supply Situation
To date, there are no intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) for choline intake from the German Nutrition Society (DGE). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published adequate intakes for choline in 2016, which can be considered as European reference values: Adequate intakes Age Choline (mg/day) Infants 7-11 months 160 Children 1-3 years 140 4-6 years … Choline: Intake
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10; synonym: ubiquinone) is a vitaminoid (vitamin-like substance) discovered in 1957 at the University of Wisconsin. The elucidation of its chemical structure was carried out one year later by the working group led by the natural products chemist Prof. K. Folkers. Coenzymes Q are compounds of oxygen (O2), hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) … Coenzyme Q10: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution
Two-time Nobel laureate Prof. Dr. Linus Pauling called coenzyme Q10 one of the greatest enrichments among natural substances that can promote human health. Numerous studies not only prove the positive effects of Q10 in the therapy of various diseases, such as tumor diseases, heart failure (cardiac insufficiency), myocardial infarction (heart attack), hypertension (high blood pressure) … Coenzyme Q10: Functions
