vital substances additional requirements due to drugs

Choline: Intake

To date, there are no intake recommendations (D-A-CH reference values) for choline intake from the German Nutrition Society (DGE). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published adequate intakes for choline in 2016, which can be considered as European reference values: Adequate intakes Age Choline (mg/day) Infants 7-11 months 160 Children 1-3 years 140 4-6 years … Choline: Intake

Glucosamine Sulfate: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution

Glucosamine sulfate (GS) is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) and belongs to the carbohydrates. It is a derivative (descendant) of D-glucose (dextrose), from which GS differs only in the substitution (replacement) of the hydroxy (OH) group on the second carbon (C) atom by an amino (NH2) group – amino sugar, D-glucosamine – and in the presence … Glucosamine Sulfate: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution

Vitamin E: Safety Assessment

The European food safety authority (EFSA) last evaluated vitamins and minerals for safety in 2006 and set a so-called Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for each micronutrient, provided sufficient data were available. This UL reflects the maximum safe level of a micronutrient that will not cause adverse effects when taken daily from all sources for … Vitamin E: Safety Assessment

Vitamin K: Interactions

Interactions of vitamin K with other micronutrients (vital substances): Vitamin A and vitamin E High doses of vitamin A and vitamin E affect vitamin K metabolism. In this regard, sufficient vitamin A interferes with vitamin K absorption, whereas a form of vitamin E (tocopherol quinones) inhibits the vitamin K-dependent carboylase enzyme.

Vitamin C: Functions

Antioxidant protection Vitamin C is an important antioxidant in the aqueous environment of our body. As a “free radical scavenger”, it particularly scavenges toxic oxygen radicals, such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals. This prevents their penetration into the lipid system and thus lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant properties of vitamin … Vitamin C: Functions

Vitamin C: Risk Groups

At-risk groups for vitamin C deficiency include individuals with. An inadequate intake due to malnutrition or prolonged absorption disorders associated with gastrointestinal diseases Increased need (pregnancy and lactation, stress). Regular cigarette use (additional need is 40 mg daily). In convalescent periods after surgery and illness. Attention. Note on the state of supply (National Nutrition Survey … Vitamin C: Risk Groups

Vitamin D: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution

Vitamin D represents a generic term for seco steroids (B-ring in steroid is open) with biologically active activity. Medically significant are: Ergosterol (provitamin) → vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) – found in plant foods. 7-Dehydrocholesterol (provitamin) → vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) – occurring in animal foods. Calcidiol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol, 25-OH-D3) – endogenous synthesis in liver. Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxylcholecalciferol, 1,25-(OH)2-D3) – … Vitamin D: Definition, Synthesis, Absorption, Transport, and Distribution

Vitamin D: Functions

With the action of a steroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is involved in quite a few metabolic processes. Calcitriol is bound to an intracellular receptor protein at the target organ – intestine, bone, kidney, and parathyroid gland – and transported into the nucleus. Subsequently, the vitamin-receptor complex exerts an influence on DNA. It alters the transcription (first … Vitamin D: Functions

Vitamin A: Functions

Function or effect of vitamin A derivatives. Substance group Function or effect Retinol Transport form, bound in serum to retinol binding protein (RBP) and transthyretin (TTR). 11-cis and all-trans retinal In the rhodopsin cycle of the eye Retinoic acid Inhibits tumor promoters and important for proliferation and differentiation of various tissues (intestinal mucosa/intestinal mucosa, respiratory … Vitamin A: Functions

Vitamin A: Interactions

Interactions of vitamin A with other micronutrients (vital substances): Zinc Zinc deficiency affects vitamin A metabolism in several ways: Decreased synthesis of retinol-binding protein (RBP). RBP is important for the transport of retinol via the bloodstream into tissues. Decreased activity of the enzyme necessary to convert the storage form of vitamin A – retinyl palmitate … Vitamin A: Interactions